environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

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This study and the seminar organized by the writer at Umm Kaddada town inmid-eighties were some of the steps being taken to ease the task for planners anddecision makers at local and central levels.Our study of this area had been concluded by stressing the fact that the naturalresources in the area were seriously endangered and if no preventive and correctivemeasures (in the manner recommended above) were taken soon to rescue theecosystem from complete deterioration, the whole area would come to a point ofno return and the proper time would be missed forever.Now twenty years have passed since the conclusion of that study and we areobliged to ask:a) Which parts of these recommendations have been realized and with whatsort of results?b) Who attempted to realize it and how?c) What were the main handicaps and bottleneck that faced the realization ofthe recommended measures (ecologically, socially, economically and politically)?d) What were the changes occurring to the area throughout the last 20 yearscompared with database collected by our study?e) Has the area really reached the point of no return or does it still possesssome potential?f) Is there any possibility of updating the information obtained through thisstudy under the prevailing environmental, social, financial and political conditions?54
ReferencesBakhit, A.M.A. 1983. ‘Desertification, Tehabilitation and Conservation: The Case ofWestern Sudan’, al-Tasahhur, I, Khartoum, pp. 5-9.Bakhit, A.M.A. and Ibrahim, F. N.. 1982. ‘Geomorphological Aspects of the Processof Desertification in Western Sudan’ in: Geojournal,Barth, Fredrik. 1967. ‘Economic Spheres in Darfur’, in Raymond Firth (ed.), title?pp. 149-174.Ibrahim, F. N. 1984. Ecological Imbalance in the Republic of Republic ofthe Sudan: With Special Reference to Desertification in Darfur, Bayreuth,GermanyBoudet, G. 1975a. ‘Improvement of Pastures and Livestock Exploitation in the Sahel’,The Sahel Ecological Approaches to Landuse, MAB Tech. Notes 1, Paris, pp.89-97.Boudet, G. 1975b. ‘Pastures and Livestock in the Sahel’, The Sahel Ecological Approachesto Landuse, MAB Tech. Notes 1, Paris, pp. 29-34.Munzoul, Munzoul Abdalla. 1996. ‘Subsistence Economy, Environmental Awarenessand Resource Management in Um Kaddada Province, Northern Darfur State’, ManagingScarcity: Human Adaptation in East African Drylands, edited by Abdel GhaffarM. Ahmed and Hassan A. Abdel Ati, 127-139. Proceedings of a regional workshop,Addis Ababa, 24-26 August 1995. Addis Ababa: OSSREA.De Wall, Alexander. 1989. Famine that kills. Darfur, Sudan 1984 - 1985, Oxford,Oxford University Press.55
Page 1:
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAS A CAUSE
Page 4 and 5: Cover Photo:AU forces patrol Darfur
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThese essays were originally
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementsThe conference was
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryByMary E. King and
Page 13 and 14: the theme of the conference, outlin
Page 15 and 16: • The question of warrior culture
Page 17 and 18: Deryke Belshaw, University of East
Page 19 and 20: area in West Darfur of 1.5m feddans
Page 21 and 22: on the interaction between conflict
Page 23 and 24: Conflict In DarfurHistorical andCon
Page 25 and 26: distributive centre and where the r
Page 28 and 29: sues quite separate. Evidence for t
Page 30 and 31: FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
Page 32 and 33: 20On other emerging ethnically-base
Page 34 and 35: IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
Page 36 and 37: 2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
Page 38 and 39: Secondly, the demand for mutton and
Page 40 and 41: groundnut and sesame as sources of
Page 42 and 43: The situation of drinking water in
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
Page 46 and 47: IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
Page 48 and 49: Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
Page 50 and 51: zone southward — and to use these
Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
Page 59 and 60: tain innovations called hakura (pl.
Page 61 and 62: mands for food production. All thes
Page 63 and 64: Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
Page 65 and 66: co-exist at the local level where e
Page 67 and 68: IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
Page 69 and 70: abs. In the past they had been invo
Page 71 and 72: Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
Page 73 and 74: Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
Page 75 and 76: Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
Page 77 and 78: esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
Page 79: ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 19
Page 82 and 83: IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
Page 84 and 85: ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
Page 86 and 87: IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
Page 88 and 89: Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
Page 90 and 91: anging from 150mm the north and 450
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
Page 96 and 97: GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
Page 99 and 100: A Darfur Timeline99
Page 101 and 102: 1898 On the eve of the battle of Om
Page 103 and 104: Bibliography103
Page 105 and 106:
El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
Page 107 and 108:
Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
Page 109 and 110:
Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
Page 111 and 112:
111
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