environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

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zone southward — and to use these all for detailed and through studies toshow how these factors had been working separately or together, to producethe ongoing situation in Umm Kaddada area at the time of study (mid-eighties).The second step was to find out whether the ongoing situation was reversible orirreversible by forecasting the prospect of these indicators. The ultimate aim of allthese stages of enquiry was to save and preserve the rest of the region’s potentialbefore it was too late.This goal could only be achieved through intensive research in the region whichshould identify and analyze the most effective factors responsible for the degradationor upgrading of the region’s socio-economic structure. The available dataabout this neglected part of the country could hardly permit any sort of monitoringprogramme, let alone planning for future development. The need for gatheringcurrent information about this region was becoming increasingly, vital, especiallyin regard to the recent regionalization policy and the proposed development strategiesfor the whole country in general and Southern Darfur in particular.We believed that the increased degradation processes of this region would affectadversely the development programmes in the whole Darfur province if it was onlyseen in the increased out migration and concentration of people in a few areaswhich still had rewarding potentials. In the longer prospect this concentration, ifnot duly avoided, or modified, would produce the same features prevailing in UmmKaddada area at that time.The ultimate aim of the proposed study in that area was not only to reversethe process of degradation in Umm Kaddada area, but to protect adjacent regionsagainst that degradation.Findings of the Field Investigations:• The spread of desert-like conditions in the area of study had created a seriousecological imbalance, mainly caused by the recent environmental deterioration,in terms of decreasing amount of rainfall, as well as the rapidincrease of human and animal population, particularly in the sixties andseventies of the last century.• It was clearly shown by our investigations that aridity was an influentialfactor for enhancing degradation of soil, which in turn led to decreased landproductivity, culminating in food shortage.• The quick regeneration of the natural ecosystem under the persistence ofman’s impact was found to be difficult.50
• The morph dynamic processes in the removal of the topsoil as caused byover-cultivation and over-grazing has reactivated the consolidated sanddunes, with the end effect of decreased crop production.• The most far-reaching impact on the natural resources was found to be thepractice of rain-fed millet cultivation. Population increase has led to theextension of cultivated areas beyond the climatically defined dry limit.• Serious damage in the area was found to be caused not merely by pastoralnomads but also by sedentary cultivators, who usually combined rain-fedcultivation with sedentary animal breeding.• Such damage was clearly seen in settlement surroundings in the form of baresurfaces with exhausted soils.• Deterioration of the ecological resources in the more distant environs ofsettlements was found to be a product of deforestation through wood cuttingfor various purposes.• The effect of the prevailing ecological imbalances was found to be a drasticdecline of the basis of existence of the population. Despite this, the inhabitantsof the area were still living in their home areas, unlike the case ofother parts of Northern Darfur province. Only a numerically small number hadresponded by out-migration.• Solutions to the prevailing problems became more difficult as deteriorationof resources continued.• Our recommendations to correct the situation were to a great extent in linewith the recommendations given by F.N. Ibrahim (1980) for the whole ofNorthern Darfur.• All areas beyond the agronomic dry limit should no longer be used for rainfedcultivation. Instant regulated animal husbandry should be advocatedand encouraged.• In areas with still higher resource potentialities, precise knowledge of thesoil productively and the dominant socio-economic conditions should becollected and made accessible for planners and policy makers.• Improving livestock husbandry through a controlled use of the pasture, byaccurately calculated land carrying capacity in terms of Livestock StandardUnit (L.S.U.) should be encouraged.• Methods of improving pastures; reseeding and opening of new pasture, byensuring the supply of controlled drinking water.• The existing water stations should be relocated according to the carryingcapacity of the pastoral areas, i.e. water pumping should be practised inrotation to assure rotation in pasture.• Concentration of in-migrating nomads around water points for long periodsshould be strictly avoided.51
Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAS A CAUSE
Page 4 and 5: Cover Photo:AU forces patrol Darfur
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThese essays were originally
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementsThe conference was
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryByMary E. King and
Page 13 and 14: the theme of the conference, outlin
Page 15 and 16: • The question of warrior culture
Page 17 and 18: Deryke Belshaw, University of East
Page 19 and 20: area in West Darfur of 1.5m feddans
Page 21 and 22: on the interaction between conflict
Page 23 and 24: Conflict In DarfurHistorical andCon
Page 25 and 26: distributive centre and where the r
Page 28 and 29: sues quite separate. Evidence for t
Page 30 and 31: FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
Page 32 and 33: 20On other emerging ethnically-base
Page 34 and 35: IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
Page 36 and 37: 2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
Page 38 and 39: Secondly, the demand for mutton and
Page 40 and 41: groundnut and sesame as sources of
Page 42 and 43: The situation of drinking water in
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
Page 46 and 47: IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
Page 48 and 49: Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
Page 54 and 55: This study and the seminar organize
Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
Page 59 and 60: tain innovations called hakura (pl.
Page 61 and 62: mands for food production. All thes
Page 63 and 64: Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
Page 65 and 66: co-exist at the local level where e
Page 67 and 68: IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
Page 69 and 70: abs. In the past they had been invo
Page 71 and 72: Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
Page 73 and 74: Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
Page 75 and 76: Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
Page 77 and 78: esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
Page 79: ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 19
Page 82 and 83: IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
Page 84 and 85: ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
Page 86 and 87: IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
Page 88 and 89: Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
Page 90 and 91: anging from 150mm the north and 450
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
Page 96 and 97: GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
Page 99 and 100: A Darfur Timeline99
Page 101 and 102:
1898 On the eve of the battle of Om
Page 103 and 104:
Bibliography103
Page 105 and 106:
El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
Page 107 and 108:
Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
Page 109 and 110:
Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
Page 111 and 112:
111
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