environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

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The situation of drinking water in Darfur has improved substantially due to:• Continuous efforts of the Government in investing in water in Darfur since1984.• The Government has encouraged the private sector to invest in water resources,so many water sources are now operating privately in most parts ofDarfur.• The international assistance for water provision in Darfur was substantial especiallyafter the 1984/85 drought. As an example, UNICEF of the United Nationsunder its Water and Sanitation Project (WES) has drilled and installedover six thousand water hand-pumps in thousands of villages in Darfur. Thismade millions of cubic meters of drinking water available for humans andsmall animals. Some studies revealed that hand-pumps in North Darfur ledto increased animal population, especially sheep and goats.• WFP in North Darfur for example has constructed over forty hafir (wells) anddams between 1999-2002 and this in turn has contributed effectively tosolve the problem of drinking water for human and animals.• Other international organisations have also provided considerable assistancein the field of drinking water provision of assistance in the water sector withthe contribution and participation of the grass root beneficiaries.We thus note that water in Darfur is not one of the elements causing conflict betweenthe stakeholders.ConclusionFrom the above analysis of the natural resources management and use in Darfur, thefollowing are the main conclusions:• The expansion of agricultural lands as the result of declining productivityresulted from shortages of rainfall and the increase in pests has affectednegatively the range and pasture lands in Darfur.• Increased livestock population and the deterioration of the range and pasturehave increased competition and friction between the animal owners andthe farmers.• The movement into Darfur of pastoral communities from Chad, especiallycamel nomads, is a factor: these do not respect the traditional relations andmechanisms for conflict resolution between the pastoralists and the farmersand this has increased the frequency of conflicts.• The communal grazing system is one of the most important factors leading42
to conflicts between the nomads and the farmers.• The weakening and politicization of the traditional local administrative systemhas undermined its effectiveness in minimizing conflicts between thepastoralists and the farmers.• The lack of development in the agricultural sector to increase real productivityhas led to horizontal expansion and increased friction between animalsand agriculture.• Governmental policies and its strategy in managing the grassroots issues,especially those regulations that are not based on suitable and practicalways, such as selling of unattended animal fences to the merchants in thevillages as a source of revenue, the communal – talaig – regulations havesubstantially intensified the present friction and conflicts between the farmersand the pastoralists.RecommendationsFrom the above conclusions, the following recommendations are proposed for considerationby the concerned bodies in order to minimize conflict between the stakeholdersand thus contribute to peacebuilding in Darfur:• The development and improvement of agricultural and livestock sectorsthrough scientific means to increase productivity and thus decrease frictionand conflict between the stakeholders in the two sectors.• The abolition of communal grazing in the agricultural areas throughout theyear. Abolishing the talaig regulations would mutually benefit both the farmersand the animal breeders. This, in turn, would initiate and encouragefodder cultivation and thus develop the animal production substantially.• Camel raising has become very expensive and with a very low growth andreturn. Camel nomads should be encouraged to shift from camel breeding tosheep raising which is more feasible.• The far north underground water aquifers (Um Byada, Wadi Hawar basins)should be used through the drilling of boreholes, and used for fodder productionfor the pastoral communities.• Monitoring and stopping the Chadian camel herders from entering Darfurshould be considered, because they are the main cause for most of the conflictsbetween the pastoralists and farmers in Darfur.43
Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAS A CAUSE
Page 4 and 5: Cover Photo:AU forces patrol Darfur
Page 7 and 8: PREFACEThese essays were originally
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgementsThe conference was
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryByMary E. King and
Page 13 and 14: the theme of the conference, outlin
Page 15 and 16: • The question of warrior culture
Page 17 and 18: Deryke Belshaw, University of East
Page 19 and 20: area in West Darfur of 1.5m feddans
Page 21 and 22: on the interaction between conflict
Page 23 and 24: Conflict In DarfurHistorical andCon
Page 25 and 26: distributive centre and where the r
Page 28 and 29: sues quite separate. Evidence for t
Page 30 and 31: FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
Page 32 and 33: 20On other emerging ethnically-base
Page 34 and 35: IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
Page 36 and 37: 2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
Page 38 and 39: Secondly, the demand for mutton and
Page 40 and 41: groundnut and sesame as sources of
Page 44 and 45: ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
Page 46 and 47: IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
Page 48 and 49: Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
Page 50 and 51: zone southward — and to use these
Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
Page 54 and 55: This study and the seminar organize
Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
Page 59 and 60: tain innovations called hakura (pl.
Page 61 and 62: mands for food production. All thes
Page 63 and 64: Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
Page 65 and 66: co-exist at the local level where e
Page 67 and 68: IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
Page 69 and 70: abs. In the past they had been invo
Page 71 and 72: Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
Page 73 and 74: Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
Page 75 and 76: Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
Page 77 and 78: esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
Page 79: ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 19
Page 82 and 83: IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
Page 84 and 85: ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
Page 86 and 87: IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
Page 88 and 89: Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
Page 90 and 91: anging from 150mm the north and 450
Page 92 and 93:
ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
Page 94 and 95:
CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
Page 96 and 97:
GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
Page 99 and 100:
A Darfur Timeline99
Page 101 and 102:
1898 On the eve of the battle of Om
Page 103 and 104:
Bibliography103
Page 105 and 106:
El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
Page 107 and 108:
Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
Page 109 and 110:
Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
Page 111 and 112:
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