environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

11See further Joerg Adelberger, Vom Sultanat zur Republik. Veranderungen in derSozialorganisation der Fur. Stuttgart 1990.12In much of what follows an authoritative guide is Douglas H. Johnson, The RootCauses of Sudan’s Civil Wars, Oxford 2003. This provides an indispensable analyticaland bibliographical guide to the topics discussed here.13I met in al-Fashir in 1970 the late Dr. Ja’far ‘Ali Bakhit, the then Minister of LocalGovernment and one of the independent intellectuals around al-Numayri [he wasprofessor of political science at the University of Khartoum]. I argued with himthat his policy was a mistake; he agreed intellectually, but there was a political imperativeat work. He had written his doctorate at Cambridge on indirect rule underthe British.14See Alex de Waal, Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan, 1984-1985, Oxford 1989. Foran earlier study that foresaw much of what happened soon after, see Fouad N.Ibrahim, Ecolological Imbalance in the Republic of the Sudan, with references toDesertification in Darfur, Bayreuth 1984.15For a description of a successful mediation between the Rizayqat and the BaniHalba by the late Dr. M.I. Abu Salim and his friend, Ja’far ‘Ali Bakhit, see M.I. AbuSalim, Fi’l-shakhsiyat al-Sudaniyya [Concerning Sudanese Personalities], Khartoum1979.16See on this period, James Morton, ‘Tribal administration or no administration: thechoice in Western Sudan’, Sudan Studies, 11, January 1992,17Heather Sharkey, Living with Colonialism. Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-EgyptianSudan, Los Angeles, 2002.18We have several thousand such documents in Bergen and I intend to publish astudy of the descriptions, awsaf, in the future. On colour-coding, see R.S. O’Fahey& Jay L. Spaulding, Kingdoms of the Sudan, London 1974, 30-31. I give someexamples:—Quantity 1 slave: her name Halima, Tamawiyya [from Dar Tama]: yellow: of mediumheight: valuable.The woman (al-adamiyya): called Khadimallah: locally born: red by colour: crippled:of medium height.The woman: called Fadl: locally born by nationality [al-jins]: green by colour: ofmedium height: scarified in the local manner.19See Human Rights Watch, Darfur Destroyed, May 2004. This I find very difficult tounderstand. The Sufi brotherhoods in Darfur, the predominant Muslim organisationsin the province, primarily the Tijaniyya, are racially blind. I can not envisage thelate Ibrahim Sidi, Darfur’s most respected Tijani shaykh (d. 2000), tolerating suchracism.31