environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

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A DARFUR TIMELINEc. 1200-1300 A Daju state in the area southeast of Jabal Marrah.c. 1500-1600 A Tunjur state located in northern Jabal Marrah and Jabal Si.The identity of the Tunjur has yet to be established.c. 1650 The emergence of a Fur state onto the plains west of JabalMarrah. The first historical ruler of the Keira Fur dynasty wasSulayman Solongdungo “The Arab” (but also with the meaning“red man”).1700-1750 A series of wars between the Keira state and their westernneighbours, Wadai.1751-86 Reign of Muhammad Tayrab. Expansion east of the mountains.Tayrab conquers Kordofan; the Darfur state now larger thanpresent-day Nigeria.1791-92 Establishment of a permanent capital at El-Fashir.1821 Kordofan conquered by the Egyptians and annexed to theEgyptian Sudan.1850-60s Darfur a major trading partner with Egypt: a series of largelyfutile campaigns against the cattle nomads.1874 Battle of Manawashi, which marks the final stage in the conquestof Darfur from the south by the slave-trader, al-ZubayrPasha al-Mansur. Darfur incorporated into the Egyptian Sudan.1874-82 Resistance to Egyptian rule by a series of Keira “shadowsultans”.1882 The Mahdist revolution comes to Darfur.1893 The last “shadow sultan”, Ali Dinar b. Zakariyya, surrenders tothe Mahdists. He is taken to the Mahdist capital, Omdurman.100
1898 On the eve of the battle of Omdurman, in which the Britishdestroy the Mahdist army, Ali Dinar and a group of Darfur chiefsrace back to Darfur. The Darfur Sultanate is re-established.1916 Conquest of Darfur by the British; Ali Dinar killed.1921 Revolt of faqih Abd Allah Sihayni in Nyala; the last Islamicmessianic revolt in Darfur.1922 Consolidation of Indirect Rule in Darfur.1930-50s Heyday of “Indirect Rule” in Darfur.1956 Independence of the Sudan.1966 Formation of the Darfur Development Front; alliance with theal-Sadiq al-Mahdi wing of the Umma Party.1972 The beginning of the dismantling of the “Indirect Rule” system.1985-6 Drought and desertification begin to make serious inroads innorthern Darfur.2003 Formation of the Sudan Liberation Army/Front (SLA/M).2003 Formation of Justice and Equality Movement (JEM).2003-5 Protracted conflict at various levels throughout Darfur.101
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONAS A CAUSE
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Cover Photo:AU forces patrol Darfur
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PREFACEThese essays were originally
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AcknowledgementsThe conference was
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Executive SummaryByMary E. King and
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the theme of the conference, outlin
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• The question of warrior culture
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Deryke Belshaw, University of East
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area in West Darfur of 1.5m feddans
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on the interaction between conflict
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Conflict In DarfurHistorical andCon
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distributive centre and where the r
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sues quite separate. Evidence for t
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FOOTNOTES1It is not my purpose here
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20On other emerging ethnically-base
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IntroductionTHE Greater Darfur regi
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2. Agriculture (Farming)Crop farmin
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Secondly, the demand for mutton and
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groundnut and sesame as sources of
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The situation of drinking water in
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ReferencesConference, Meleet, North
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IntroductionTHE residents of the Um
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Phase Two:This phase was a monitori
Page 50 and 51: zone southward — and to use these
Page 52 and 53: • Some water points in places lik
Page 54 and 55: This study and the seminar organize
Page 57 and 58: Land Tenure,Land Use andConflicts i
Page 59 and 60: tain innovations called hakura (pl.
Page 61 and 62: mands for food production. All thes
Page 63 and 64: Hashab Tenure SystemHashab ownershi
Page 65 and 66: co-exist at the local level where e
Page 67 and 68: IndigenousInstitutions andPractices
Page 69 and 70: abs. In the past they had been invo
Page 71 and 72: Sufi OrderSufi orders are religious
Page 73 and 74: Native Administration, i.e. Tribal
Page 75 and 76: Rizayqat homeland is at the extreme
Page 77 and 78: esearchers and statesmen. A bigger
Page 79: ReferencesBakheit, Jaafar M.Ali. 19
Page 82 and 83: IntroductionWHILE in the Sudan prot
Page 84 and 85: ReferencesHarir, S. 1993. ‘Arab B
Page 86 and 87: IntroductionTHE Darfur Region lies
Page 88 and 89: Table (1)Water program for Darfur 2
Page 90 and 91: anging from 150mm the north and 450
Page 92 and 93: ReferencesIbrahim, Abdel Rahman Abb
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSIONTHE collection of papers
Page 96 and 97: GLOSSARYAjawidArdaBaqqaraDarDukhnFa
Page 99: A Darfur Timeline99
Page 103 and 104: Bibliography103
Page 105 and 106: El Mahdi S. Mohamed. 1979. Introduc
Page 107 and 108: Tothill, J.D. 1948. Agriculture in
Page 109 and 110: Biographical Sketch: Rex Sean O’F
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