environmental degradation as a cause of conflict in - Steiner Graphics

A DARFUR TIMELINEc. 1200-1300 A Daju state in the area southeast of Jabal Marrah.c. 1500-1600 A Tunjur state located in northern Jabal Marrah and Jabal Si.The identity of the Tunjur has yet to be established.c. 1650 The emergence of a Fur state onto the plains west of JabalMarrah. The first historical ruler of the Keira Fur dynasty wasSulayman Solongdungo “The Arab” (but also with the meaning“red man”).1700-1750 A series of wars between the Keira state and their westernneighbours, Wadai.1751-86 Reign of Muhammad Tayrab. Expansion east of the mountains.Tayrab conquers Kordofan; the Darfur state now larger thanpresent-day Nigeria.1791-92 Establishment of a permanent capital at El-Fashir.1821 Kordofan conquered by the Egyptians and annexed to theEgyptian Sudan.1850-60s Darfur a major trading partner with Egypt: a series of largelyfutile campaigns against the cattle nomads.1874 Battle of Manawashi, which marks the final stage in the conquestof Darfur from the south by the slave-trader, al-ZubayrPasha al-Mansur. Darfur incorporated into the Egyptian Sudan.1874-82 Resistance to Egyptian rule by a series of Keira “shadowsultans”.1882 The Mahdist revolution comes to Darfur.1893 The last “shadow sultan”, Ali Dinar b. Zakariyya, surrenders tothe Mahdists. He is taken to the Mahdist capital, Omdurman.100