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(3) Where there exists doubt in respect of decisive facts which represents elements of acriminal offence or on which depends the application of another provision of the CriminalCode, in its judgement or decision corresponding to a judgement the court shall rule infavour of the accused.Article 19(1) Criminal proceedings shall be initiated and conducted on the request of anauthorized prosecutor.(2) For criminal offences prosecutable ex officio the authorized prosecutor is the publicprosecutor, and for criminal offences prosecuted on the basis of a private prosecutionthe authorized prosecutor is a private prosecutor.(3) Where the Public Prosecutor finds that there are no grounds for initiating orcontinuing criminal proceedings, an aggrieved party may assume his role as a subsidiaryprosecutor, under conditions regulated by this Code.Article 20Unless provided for otherwise by this Code, the public prosecutor is required to institutecriminal prosecution where there is reasonable suspicion that a certain person hascommitted a criminal offence prosecutable ex officio.Article 21(1) Courts shall sit in chambers in criminal proceedings .(2) In first-instance courts, a single judge shall sit where so prescribed by this Code.Article 22Except as otherwise provided by law, when the institution of criminal proceedings entailsrestricting certain rights, such restriction shall take effect when the indictment assumeslegal force, and for criminal offences punishable as a principal penalty with a fine orimprisonment of less than three years, from the date of a conviction, whether or not it isfinal.Chapter IITHE JURISDICTION OF COURTS1. Material jurisdiction and composition of the courtsArticle 23Courts shall adjudicate all cases within the limits of their material jurisdictions prescribedby law.