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(1) The trial shall commence by the reading of the indictment (Article 266 paragraph 1items 1) to 3) or private prosecution.(2) As a rule the indictment and private prosecution shall be read out by the prosecutor,but where an indictment of a subsidiary prosecutor or a private prosecution areconcerned, the president of the chamber may instead present their content orally. Theprosecutor shall be allowed to amend the presentation of the president of the chamber.(3) If the aggrieved is present, he may substantiate his indemnification claim, and if he isabsent, the president of the chamber shall read out his claim.Article 320(1) After the indictment or private prosecution are read out or their content presentedorally, the president of the chamber shall ask the defendant whether he understands thecharges. Where the president of the chamber is convinced that the defendant did notunderstand the charges, he shall present their content again to the defendant in amanner which is the easiest for the defendant to understand.(2) The president of the chamber shall then ask the defendant whether he admits to thecommission of the criminal offence with which he is charged and call on him, if he sodesires, to declare himself on the charges and present his defence. The defendant is notrequired to declare himself on the charges or to present a defence.(3) The defendant’s refusal to answer the question referred to in paragraph 2 of thisArticle shall be deemed as a plea of innocence.(4) When the defendant completes his statement, he may be questioned first by theprosecutor, then by his defence counsel, then by the president of the chamber and themembers of the chamber, then by the aggrieved or his legal representative and proxy,co-defendants and their defence counsel, and expert witnesses.(5) The aggrieved, the legal representative and the proxy of the aggrieved, and expertwitnesses, may pose direct questions to the defendant, with the consent of the presidentof the chamber.(6) The president of the chamber shall bar a question or an answer to a questionbecause it is inadmissible (Article 90 paragraph 1) or does not refer to the charges atissue. Questions testing the veracity of the testimony shall be deemed as referring to thecharges at issue. The parties may ask the chamber to rule on the prohibition.(7) The president of the chamber may at any time pose questions contributing to a morecomprehensive or clearer response to a question posed by other participants in theproceedings.(8) Co-defendants who have not yet been questioned may not attend the interrogation ofthe defendant.Article 321