Jolliffe I. Principal Component Analysis (2ed., Springer, 2002)(518s)

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AcknowledgmentsMy interest in principal component analysis was initiated, more than 30years ago, by John Scott, so he is, in one way, responsible for this bookbeing written.A number of friends and colleagues have commented on earlier draftsof parts of the book, or helped in other ways. I am grateful to PatriciaCalder, Chris Folland, Nick Garnham, Tim Hopkins, Byron Jones, WojtekKrzanowski, Philip North and Barry Vowden for their assistance and encouragement.Particular thanks are due to John Jeffers and Byron Morgan,who each read the entire text of an earlier version of the book, and mademany constructive comments which substantially improved the final product.Any remaining errors and omissions are, of course, my responsibility,and I shall be glad to have them brought to my attention.I have never ceased to be amazed by the patience and efficiency of MavisSwain, who expertly typed virtually all of the first edition, in its variousdrafts. I am extremely grateful to her, and also to my wife, Jean, whotook over my rôle in the household during the last few hectic weeks ofpreparation of that edition. Finally, thanks to Anna, Jean and Nils for helpwith indexing and proof-reading.Much of the second edition was written during a period of research leave.I am grateful to the University of Aberdeen for granting me this leave andto the host institutions where I spent time during my leave, namely theBureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, the Laboratoire deStatistique et Probabilités, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, and theDepartamento de Matemática, Instituto Superior Agronomia, Lisbon, forthe use of their facilities. Special thanks are due to my principal hosts at
xviAcknowledgmentsthese institutions, Neville Nicholls, Philippe Besse and Jorge Cadima. Discussionswith Wasyl Drosdowsky, Antoine de Falguerolles, Henri Caussinusand David Stephenson were helpful in clarifying some of my ideas. WasylDrosdowsky, Irene Oliveira and Peter Baines kindly supplied figures, andJohn Sheehan and John Pulham gave useful advice. Numerous authorssent me copies of their (sometimes unpublished) work, enabling the bookto have a broader perspective than it would otherwise have had.I am grateful to John Kimmel of Springer for encouragement and to fouranonymous reviewers for helpful comments.The last word must again go to my wife Jean, who, as well as demonstratinggreat patience as the project took unsociable amounts of time, hashelped with some the chores associated with indexing and proofreading.I. T. JolliffeApril, 2002Aberdeen, U. K.
Page 1: Principal ComponentAnalysis,Second
Page 7 and 8: viPreface to the Second Editionerty
Page 9 and 10: viiiPreface to the Second EditionA
Page 11 and 12: xPreface to the First Editionand in
Page 13 and 14: xiiPreface to the First EditionIn m
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Page 19 and 20: xviiiContents3.4.1 Example ........
Page 21 and 22: xxContents10 Outlier Detection, Inf
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Page 25 and 26: xxivList of Figures5.2 Artistic qua
Page 29 and 30: xxviiiList of Tables6.1 First six e
Page 33 and 34: 2 1. IntroductionFigure 1.1. Plot o
Page 35: 4 1. IntroductionFigure 1.3. Studen
Page 38 and 39: 1.2. A Brief History of Principal C
Page 40 and 41: 1.2. A Brief History of Principal C
Page 42 and 43: 2.1. Optimal Algebraic Properties o
Page 50 and 51: 2.2. Geometric Properties of Popula
Page 52 and 53: 2.3. Principal Components Using a C
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Page 60 and 61: 3Mathematical and StatisticalProper
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Page 64 and 65: 3.2. Geometric Properties of Sample
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3.2. Geometric Properties of Sample
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3.2. Geometric Properties of Sample
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3.3. Covariance and Correlation Mat
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3.3. Covariance and Correlation Mat
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3.4. Principal Components with Equa
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show that X = ULA ′ .⎡ULA ′ =
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3.6. Probability Distributions for
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3.7. Inference Based on Sample Prin
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3.7.2 Interval Estimation3.7. Infer
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3.8. Patterned Covariance and Corre
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3.9. Models for Principal Component
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3.9. Models for Principal Component
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4Principal Components as a SmallNum
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4.1. Anatomical Measurements 65Tabl
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4.1. Anatomical Measurements 67spac
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4.2. The Elderly at Home 69Table 4.
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4.3. Spatial and Temporal Variation
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4.3. Spatial and Temporal Variation
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4.4. Properties of Chemical Compoun
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4.5. Stock Market Prices 77Table 4.
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5. Graphical Representation of Data
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Anatomical Measurements5.1. Plottin
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5.1. Plotting Two or Three Principa
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5.2. Principal Coordinate Analysis
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5.3. Biplots 91columns, L is an (r
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5.3. Biplots 93ButandSubstituting i
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5.3. Biplots 95The vector gi ∗ co
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5.3. Biplots 97Figure 5.3. Biplot u
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5.3. Biplots 99Table 5.2. First two
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5.3. Biplots 101Figure 5.5. Biplot
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5.4. Correspondence Analysis 103of
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5.4. Correspondence Analysis 105Fig
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5.6. Displaying Intrinsically High-
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5.6. Displaying Intrinsically High-
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6Choosing a Subset of PrincipalComp
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6.1. How Many Principal Components?
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6.2. Choosing m, the Number of Comp
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6.2. Choosing m, the Number of Comp
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6.3. Selecting a Subset of Variable
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6.4. Examples Illustrating Variable
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7.1. Models for Factor Analysis 151
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7.2. Estimation of the Factor Model
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7.3. Comparisons Between Factor and
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7.4. An Example of Factor Analysis
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7.4. An Example of Factor Analysis
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7.5. Concluding Remarks 165To illus
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8Principal Components in Regression
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8.1. Principal Component Regression
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8.1. Principal Component Regression
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8.2. Selecting Components in Princi
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8.2. Selecting Components in Princi
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8.3. Connections Between PC Regress
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8.4. Variations on Principal Compon
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8.5. Variable Selection in Regressi
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8.5. Variable Selection in Regressi
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8.6. Functional and Structural Rela
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8.7. Examples of Principal Componen
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Table 8.3. Principal component regr
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9Principal Components Used withOthe
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9.1. Discriminant Analysis 201on th
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9.1. Discriminant Analysis 203Figur
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9.1. Discriminant Analysis 205Corbi
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9.1. Discriminant Analysis 207that
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9.1. Discriminant Analysis 209betwe
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 211dimensiona
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 213Before loo
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 215Figure 9.3
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 217demographi
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 219county clu
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9.2. Cluster Analysis 221choosing a
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9.3. Canonical Correlation Analysis
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10.1. Detection of Outliers Using P
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10.2. Influential Observations in a
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10.3. Sensitivity and Stability 259
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10.3. Sensitivity and Stability 261
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10.4. Robust Estimation of Principa
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11Rotation and Interpretation ofPri
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11.1. Rotation of Principal Compone
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oot of the corresponding eigenvalue
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 279w
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 281F
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 283F
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 285T
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 287T
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 289A
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11.2. Alternatives to Rotation 291
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11.3. Simplified Approximations to
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11.3. Simplified Approximations to
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11.4. Physical Interpretation of Pr
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12Principal Component Analysis forT
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12.1. Introduction 301series is alm
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12.2. PCA and Atmospheric Time Seri
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and a typical row of the matrix is1
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12.3. Functional PCA 317A key refer
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12.3. Functional PCA 319The sample
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12.3. Functional PCA 321speed (mete
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12.3. Functional PCA 323of the data
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12.3. Functional PCA 325subject to
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12.3. Functional PCA 327series than
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12.4. PCA and Non-Independent Data
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13.1. Principal Component Analysis
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13.2. Analysis of Size and Shape 34
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13.2. Analysis of Size and Shape 34
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13.5. Common Principal Components 3
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13.7. PCA in Statistical Process Co
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13.8. Some Other Types of Data 369A
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13.8. Some Other Types of Data 371d
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14Generalizations and Adaptations o
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14.1. Non-Linear Extensions of Prin
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14.1. Additive Principal Components
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14.2. Weights, Metrics, Transformat
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14.3. PCs in the Presence of Second
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14.4. PCA for Non-Normal Distributi
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14.5. Three-Mode, Multiway and Mult
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14.5. Three-Mode, Multiway and Mult
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14.6. Miscellanea 401• Linear App
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14.6. Miscellanea 40314.6.3 Regress
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14.7. Concluding Remarks 405space o
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Appendix AComputation of Principal
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A.1. Numerical Calculation of Princ
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ReferencesAguilera, A.M., Gutiérre
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References 417Apley, D.W. and Shi,
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References 419Benasseni, J. (1986b)
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References 421Boik, R.J. (1986). Te
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References 423Castro, P.E., Lawton,
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References 425Cook, R.D. (1986). As
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References 427Dempster, A.P., Laird
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References 429Feeney, G.J. and Hest
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References 431in Descriptive Multiv
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References 433Gunst, R.F. and Mason
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References 435Hocking, R.R., Speed,
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References 437Jeffers, J.N.R. (1978
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References 439Kazi-Aoual, F., Sabat
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References 441Krzanowski, W.J. (200
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References 443Mann, M.E. and Park,
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References 445Monahan, A.H., Tangan
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References 447Pack, P., Jolliffe, I
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References 449Richman M.B. (1993).
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References 451Soofi, E.S. (1988). P
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References 453Tenenbaum, J.B., de S
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References 455Vong, R., Geladi, P.,
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References 457regularities in multi
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Index 459116, 127-130, 133, 270, 27
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Index 461computationin (PC) regress
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Index 463discriminant principal com
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Index 465of correlations between va
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Index 467see also hypothesis testin
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Index 469PC algorithms with noise 4
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Index 471in functional and structur
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Index 473variance ellipsoids,S-esti
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Index 475spatial correlation/covari
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Index 477for covariance matrices 26
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Author Index 479Belsley, D.A. 169Be
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Author Index 481Fowlkes, E.B. 377Fr
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Author Index 483Krzanowski, W.J. 46
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Author Index 485Rencher, A.C. 64, 1
Page 518:
Author Index 487Yaguchi, H. 371Yana
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