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Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 5 (1) 972-981 January 2011. ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)977dependent side effect. Touitou et al reported thatthe skin permeation of testosterone fromethosomal formulation is nearly 30 times higherthan the marketed transdermal patch oftestosteronen (Testosterone Patch, Alza). Theyalso concluded that the ethosomal testosteroneformulation area of application required to producethe effective plasma concentration was 10 timesless than required by commercially gel formulation(15, 20).3. Topical delivery of DNA: Another importantapplication of ethosomes is their use for topicaldelivery of DNA molecules. Touitou et aldemonstrated that better intracellular uptake ofDNA, better delivery and expression of genes inskin cells can be achieved by ethosomalformulation (51) Hence was concluded thatethosomes can be used carrier for gene therapyapplication that require transient expression ofgenes.4. Delivery of antiarthritis drug: Arthritistreatment is associated with problems like lowbioavailability; first pass metabolism, GITdegradation etc. To overcome above problemsethosomal formulation of antiarthritis drugs canbe an alternative as it significantly increase skinpermeation, accumulation and biological activity(21)5. Delivery of antibiotics: Conventional oraltherapy of antibiotics is usually associated withseveral allergic reactions along with side effectsand low therapeutic efficacy. Topical delivery ofantibiotics is a better choice to increase therapeuticefficacy, but conventional topical preparationpossess low permeability to deep skin layers andsubdermal tissues. Ethosomes formulation ofantibiotics could be highly efficient and over comethe problems associated with conventional therapysince they penetrate rapidly into deeper layer ofskin and suppress infection at their root (20, 45,54).6. Delivery of HIV drugs: An effectiveantiretroviral therapy is required on a long termbasis and is associated with strong side effects(38). Adequate zero order delivery of zidovudine,Lamivudine a potent antiviral agent is required tomaintain expected anti – AIDS effect. SubheetJain et al reported that ethosomal formulation ofthe above drugs prolong the release with increasedtransdermal flux (28, 29). Conventional topicalpreparation acyclovir an topically used antiviraldrug for treatment of herpes labials show lowtherapeutic efficiency due to poor permeationthrough skin as replication of virus take places atthe basal dermis. Ethosomal formulation ofacyclovir show high therapeutic efficiency withshorter healing time and higher percentage ofabortive lesions.7. Delivery of problematic drug molecules:Oral delivery of large biogenic molecules such aspeptides or proteins and insulin is difficult becausethey are completely degraded in the GIT tracthence transdermal delivery is a better alternative.But conventional transdermal formulation ofbiogenic molecules such as peptides or proteinand insulin has poor permeation. Formulating theseabove molecules into ethosomes significantlyincrease permeation and therapeutic efficacy (55)Patented and marketed formulation ofethosome: Ethosome was invented and patentedby Prof. Elka Touitou along with her students ofdepartment of pharmaceutics at the HebrewUniversity School of Pharmacy (17, 18). NovelTherapeutic Technologies Inc (NTT) of HebrewUniversity has been succeeded in bringing anumber of products to the market based onethosome delivery system. Noicellex TM an anti –cellulite formulation of ethosome is currentlymarketed in Japan. Lipoduction TM anotherAbdul Wahid et al
Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 5 (1) 972-981 January 2011. ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)978formulation is currently used in treatment ofcellulite containing pure grape seed extracts(antioxidant) is marketed in USA (56). SimilarlyPhysonics is marketing anti – cellulite gel SkinGenuity in London (57). Nanominox© containingmonoxidil is used as hair tonic to promote hairgrowth is marketed by Sinere (58).Future perspective: For transdermaldelivery of drugs, stratum corneum is the mainbarrier layer for penetration of drug. Variousmethods have been discovered to enhanced skinpenetration of drugs lipid vehicle basedenhancement approach has drawn considerableinterest in recent past. Studies will continue furtherto improve skin delivery of drug using lipidvesicles.Introduction of ethosomes has initiated anew area in vesicular research. Ethosomes hasshown promising result and potential for deliveryof various agents more effectively. Better controlover drug release, non – invasive delivery of small,medium and large size drug molecules can beachieved by ethosomes. Ethosomes can be thepromising tool for dermal/transdermal delivery ofvarious agents and can be a alternate formulationfor problematic drugs.Reference:1. Benson, H.A.E. (2005). Transdermal drugdelivery: penetration enhancementtechniques. Current Drug Delivery, 2: 23 –33.2. Toutitou, E., Dayan, N., Bergelson, L.,Godin, B. and Eliaz, M. (2000). Ethosomesnovel vesicular carriers for enhanceddelivery: characterization and skinpenetration properties. Journal of ControlRelease, 65:403 – 418.3. Mustafa, M.A.E., Ossama, Y.A., Viviane,F.N. and Nawal, M.K. (2007). Lipid vesiclesfor skin delivery of drugs. Reviewing threedecades of research. International Journalof Pharmaceutics, 332: 1 – 16.4. Barry, B.W. (2001). Novel mechanism anddevices to enable successful Transdermaldrug delivery. European Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, 14 (2): 101 – 114.5. Honeywell – Nguyen, P.L. and Bouwatra,J.A. (2005). Vesicles as a tool fortransdermal and dermal delivery. DrugDiscovery Today: Technologies, 2: 67 – 74.6. Touitou, E. (2002). Drug delivery acrossskin. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy,2 (7):723 – 733.7. Ranade, V. (1991). Drug delivery system:Transdermal drug delivery. The Journal ofClinical Pharmacology, 31(6): 401 – 418.8. Dinesh, D., Amit, A.R., Maria, S., Awaroop,R.L. and Moh. Hassan G.D. (2009). Drugvehicle based approaches of penetrationenhancement. International Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1): 24 – 45.9. Schreier, H. and Bovwstra, J. (1994).Liposomes and niosomes as topical drugcarriers: dermal and transdermal drugdelivery. Journal of Control Release, 30(1):1 – 15.10. Touitou, E., Junginger, H.E., Weiner, N.D.,Nagai, T. and Mezei, M. (1994). Liposomesas carriers for topical and transdermaldelivery. Journal of. PharmaceuticalSciences, 83: 1189 -1203.11. Touitou, E., Godin, B. and Weiss, C. (2000).Enhanced delivery of drugs into and acrossthe skin by ethosomal carriers. DrugDevelopment Research, 50: 406 – 415.12. Touitou, E. and Godin, G. (2008). Skinnonpenetrating sunscreens for cosmetic andEthosomes: A Tool for Transdermal Drug Delivery
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