Glendale (PDF) - Hazard Mitigation Web Portal - State of California

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Natural Hazards Mitigation PlanCity of Glendale, CaliforniaTable 6-1:Abridged Modified Mercalli Intensity ScaleSection 6 – EarthquakesIntensity Value and DescriptionAverage PeakVelocity(cm/sec)Average PeakAcceleration(g = gravity )I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable circumstances (I Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: None.II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of high-risebuildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing.(I to II Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: None.III. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings, but manypeople do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing automobiles may rockslightly. Vibration like passing of truck. Duration estimated. (III Rossi-Forelscale). Damage potential: None.IV. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night some awakened.Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation like aheavy truck striking building. Standing automobiles rocked noticeably. (IV to VRossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: None. Perceived shaking: Light.V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows, and so onbroken; cracked plaster in a few places; unstable objects overturned.Disturbances of trees, poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulumclocks may stop. (V to VI Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Very light.Perceived shaking: Moderate.VI. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy furniture moved, fewinstances of fallen plaster and damaged chimneys. Damage slight. (VI to VIIRossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Light. Perceived shaking: Strong.VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design andconstruction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable inpoorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed bypersons driving cars. (VIII Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Moderate.Perceived shaking: Very strong.VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinarysubstantial buildings with partial collapse; great in poorly built structures. Panelwalls thrown out of frame structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns,monuments, and walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected insmall amounts. Changes in well water. Persons driving cars disturbed. (VIII+to IX Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Moderate to heavy. Perceivedshaking: Severe.IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed framestructures thrown out of plumb; great in substantial buildings with partialcollapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously.Underground pipes broken. (IX+ Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Heavy.Perceived shaking: Violent.X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and framestructures destroyed; ground badly cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerablefrom river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed,slopped over banks. (X Rossi-Forel scale). Damage potential: Very heavy.Perceived shaking: Extreme.XI. Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broadfissures in ground. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Earthslumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly. 1.24XII.Damage total. Waves seen on ground surface. Lines of sight and level distorted.Objects thrown into air.Modified from Bolt (1999); Wald et al. (1999).Causes of Earthquake Damage2006 PAGE 6 - 7
Natural Hazards Mitigation PlanCity of Glendale, CaliforniaSection 6 – EarthquakesCauses of earthquake damage can be categorized into three general areas: strong shaking, varioustypes of ground failure that are a result of shaking, and ground displacement along the rupturingfault.Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by theearthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage, and is typically reported as the peakhorizontal ground acceleration estimated as a percentage of g, the acceleration of gravity. Fullcharacterization of shaking potential, though, requires estimates of peak (maximum) grounddisplacement and velocity, the duration of strong shaking, and the periods (lengths) of waves thatwill control each of these factors at a given location. The strength of ground shaking also dependson the source, path, and site effects. Estimates of the ground shaking possible at different locationsin California have been mapped, as shown on Map 6.2.• Source effects include earthquake size, location, and distance, plus directivity of the seismicwaves (for example, the 1995, M W 6.9, Kobe, Japan earthquake was not much bigger than the1994, M W 6.7 Northridge, California earthquake, but Kobe caused much worse damage.During the Kobe earthquake, the fault’s orientation and movement directed seismic wavesinto the city. During the Northridge earthquake, the fault’s motion directed waves awayfrom populous areas).• Path effects refers to how the seismic waves change direction as they travel through theEarth’s contrasting layers, just as light bounces (reflects) and bends (refracts) as it movesfrom air to water. Sometimes seismic energy gets focussed into one location and causesdamage in unexpected areas (focussing of 1989’s M W 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake wavescaused damage in San Francisco’s Marina district, some 100 km distant from the rupturingfault).• Site effects refer to how seismic waves interact with the ground surface; seismic waves slowdown in the loose sediments and weathered rock at the Earth’s surface. As they slow, theirenergy converts from speed to amplitude, which heightens shaking (amplification).Therefore, buildings on poorly consolidated and thick soils will typically see more damagethan buildings on consolidated soils and bedrock. Amplification can also occur in areas ondeep, sediment-filled basins and on ridge tops. Seismic waves can also get trapped at thesurface and reverberate (resonate). Whether resonance will occur depends on the period (thelength) of the incoming waves. Long-period seismic waves, which are created by largeearthquakes, are most likely to reverberate and cause damage in long-period structures, likebridges and high-rises. (“Long-period structures” are those that respond to long-periodwaves.) Shorter-period seismic waves, which tend to die out quickly, will most often causedamage fairly near the fault, and they will cause most damage in shorter-period structuressuch as one- to three-story buildings. Very short-period waves are most likely to cause nearfault,interior damage, such as to equipment.Earthquake damage also depends on the characteristics of human-made structures. The interactionof ground motion with the built environment is complex. Governing factors include a structure’sheight, construction, and stiffness, architectural design, condition, and age of the structure.2006 PAGE 6 - 8
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NOTES:This map is intended for gene
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City of GlendaleUpdateHazard Mitiga
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Similar to Safety ElementIncludesEa
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HospitalsPartnershipsWithin City an
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Impact on CityMost significant area
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