SLOVENIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dermatophytoses In domestic animals and their zoonotic potential69dogs was 53 days (21-126) and 63 days (28-84 days)for cats (43). Even in prolonged treatments withterbinafine no resistance of fungi is expected (42).One should use higher doses (30-40 mg/kg every 24h) and expect longer treatment courses in M.canisinfection compared to other dermatophytoses, asit should be expected also in children with tineacapitis (12 weeks of treatment with 60% healed) (10,44).Clinical management of dermatophytoses inruminants is successfully implemented throughchemoprophylaxis. Vaccines that are most oftenused in Slovenia nowadays for this purpose are TrihobenR (Bioveta, Chech Republic) and InsolTrichophytonR (Intervet, Netherlands).Optimum treatment protocol for dogs andcatsAccording to recommendations the optimumtreatment protocol for dogs or cats with dermatophytosisinvolves a combination of clipping of thehair coat, twice a week topical antifungal therapy,concurrent systemic antifungal therapy, and environmentaldecontamination. Fungal culture monitoringshould be performed every 2-4 weeks untilmycological cure (two or three negative consecutivefungal cultures) (10).Prevention of infectionAfter resolution of infection animals and humansremain immune to re-infection for the certainperiod of time. The longest immunity persists at theskin of the previous infected site (45) while generalimmunity in cats can last at least 8 months (46).Based on the results of one study delayed intradermaltesting (IDT) with M. canis extract can be usedto asses the cellular immune response of cats withdermatophytosis (47). For prevention as resolutionpolymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophagesare undoubtedly responsible (3). Unfortunatelykilled or recombinant vaccines don’t protect animalsagainst experimental infection nor they allowthe vaccinated animals to recover more quickly thanthe control ones (3).Several commercial vaccines against feline dermatophytosisare available but their prophylacticefficacy has not been reported (10). In contrastvaccination against ringworm in other species(cattle, horses, fur-bearing animals) has been spectacularlysuccessful in many countries. Their usehas reduced the incidence of the disease in theseanimals considerably and indirectly contributed tothe reduction of human infections. However theseattenuated vaccines frequently induce small lesionsat the injection site and subsequent disseminationof arthrospores into the environment. In a farm ora ranch situation, this may be of negligible consequenceas long as all animals are included in thevaccination programme. However for cats whichare generally housed indoors and have frequentand close contact with their owners, a live-fungusvaccine, able of producing active lesions, is highlyundesirable because of the zoonotic hazard (3).Environmental contamination can be importantsource of recurrent or persistent infection inone household. In one survey 100% environmentalcontamination of air and surfaces was found whereinfected cats were kept but less than 50% environmentalcontamination was found where infecteddogs were kept, showing that infected cats appearto cause substantial environmental contamination,and provoke a substantial presence of viable airbornefungal elements (48).In the household harbouring infected dog or catone can prevent spreading of infection to other inhabitantsby strict environmental disinfection andpersonal hygiene measures (see treatment chapter).A part of routine management of a cat that havebeen found and adopted, should always be fungalculturing. Adopted animal should be quarantinedtill the results of culturing are obtained.Environmental treatmentEnvironmental treatment is as important asanimal treatment since fungal arthrospores canremain viable and contagious on infected hairs atleast 18 months (6, 49). For environmental treatmentof cats’ and dogs’ habitat chlorhexidine orenilconazole was prooved effective. In Slovenia chlorhexidineis available as a powder (Virkon-S R , Krka)mixed in a 5% solution with water. We can also useenilconazole (Zoniton R , Krka) mixed 20 ml with 1 Lof water. The first treatment is more cost-effective.The textiles should be washed at minimum 50°C ifpossible (6).Environmental treatment of stables and farmfacilities is best executed with fungicydal desinfectants,like 3% kaptan, 3% kresol or 50% kalii peroxisulphate(Virkon-S R , Krka) (32).
70T. KotnikReferences1. Muller GH, Kirk RW, Scott DW. Small animal dermatology.4 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1989: 295-315.2. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Muller & Kirk’ssmall animal dermatology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders,2001: 339-61.3. Descamps FF, Brouta F, Vermout SM, Willame C,Losson BJ, Mignon BR. A recombinant 31.5 kDa keratinaseand a crude exo-antigen from Microsporum canisfail to protect against a homologous experimental infectionin guinea pigs. Vet Dermatol 2003; 14: 305-12.4. Pascoe RR, Knottenbelt DE. Manual of equine dermatology.Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999: 111-4.5. Dolenc-Voljč M. Dermatophyte infections in theLjubljana region, Slovenia, 1995-2002. Mycoses 2005; 48:181-6.6. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Muller & Kirk’ssmall animal dermatology. 5 th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders,1995: 332-50.7. Jawetz E, Melnick JL, Adelberg EA. Review of medicalmicrobiology. 17 th ed. Connecticut: Appleton & Lange,1987: 218-31.8. Moriello KA, DeBoer DJ. Feline dermatophytosis:Recent advances and recommendations for therapy. VetClin North Am Small Anim Pract 1995; 25 (4): 901-21.9. Zurita J, Hay RJ. Adherence of dermatophyte microconidiaand arthroconidia to human keratinocytes invitro. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 89: 529-34.10. Moriello KA. Treatment of dermatophytosis in dogsand cats: review of published studies. Vet Dermatol 2004;15: 99-107.11. Zdovc I. Lastnosti sevov dermatofitov, izoliranih pripsih in mačkah v Sloveniji s poudarkom na sestavi citoplazemskihbeljakovin. Ljubljana: Veterinarska fakulteta,1997. Doktorska disertacija.12. Kotnik T, Kožuh-Eržen N, Kužner J, Drobnič-Košorok M. Terbinafine hydrochloride treatment of Microsporumcanis experimentally-induced ringworm in cats.Vet Microbiol 2001; 83(2): 161-8.13. Glavač J. Enoletna epidemiološka raziskavamikrosporije v ljubljanski regiji. Ljubljana: Veterinarskafakulteta, 1994. Magistrsko delo.14. Cafarchia C, Romito D, Sasanelli M, Lia R, CapelliG, Otranto D. The epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytosesin southern Italy. Mycoses 2004; 47(11/12):508-13.15. Lunder M, Podrumac B, Dragoš V, Smrkolj A, LunderT. Naše izkušnje pri zdravljenju mikrosporije. ZdravVestn 1995; 64: 21-3.16. Mancianti F, Giannelli C, Bendinelli M, Poli A.Mycological findings in feline immunodeficiency virusinfectedcats. Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30: 257-9.17. Bo S, Garetto M, Lotti D et al. Epidemiological studiesand clinical pictures of FIV and FeLV in north-easternItaly in a population of 850 cats. Veterinaria Cremona1992; 6(4): 105-13.18. Cerundolo R. Generalized Microsporum canis dermatophytosisin six Yorkshire terrier dogs. Vet Dermatol2004; 15(3): 181-7.19. Bourdin M et al. Premiere observation d’un mycetomea Microsporum canis chez un chat. Recl Med Vet1975; 151: 475-80.20. Farnsworth GA. A friable subcutaneous mass in aPersian cat. Milit Med 1990; 155(12): 618-22.21. Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW. Veterinary pathology.6 th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997: 531-4.22. Katoh T, Maruyama R, Nishioka K, Sano T. Tineacorporis due to Microsporum canis from an asymptomaticdog. Dermatology 1991; 18(6): 356-9.23. Carlotti DN. Dermatophyte infections in dogsand cats. In: Seminar iz dermatologije. Poljče: Slovenskozdruženje veterinarjev za male živali, 1997: 58-66.24. Patel A, Lloyd DH, Lamport AI. Survey of dermatophyteson clinically normal cats in the southeast of England.J Small Animal Pract 2005; 46(9): 436-9.25. Moriello KA. Management of dermatophyte infectionsin catteries and multiple-cat households. Vet ClinNorth Am Small Anim Pract 1990; 20(6): 1457-73.26. Gnamusch E, Ryder NS, Paltauf F. Effect ofsqualene on the structure and function of fungal membranes.J Dermatol Treat 1992; 3(suppl1): 9-13.27. Guillot J, Latie L, Manjula D et al. Evaluation ofthe dermatophyte test medium Rapid Vet-D. Vet Dermatol2001; 12: 123-7.28. Orožim E. Uporabnost serološke metode ELISA zadiagnostiko mikrosporije pri mačkah. Ljubljana: Veterinarskafakulteta, 1996. Magistrsko delo.29. Zrimšek P. Razvoj in uporaba encimskoimunskegatesta (ELISA) za ugotavljanje humoralnega imunskegaodziva pri okužbi z dermatofiti. Ljubljana: Fakulteta zakemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo, 1998. Magistrsko delo.30. Zrimšek P, Drobnič-Košorok M. Diagnostic value ofELISA tests for the detection of specific antibodies in catsand rabbits with dermatophytosis. Food Technol Biotechnol2002; 40(3): 171-5.31. Medleau L, Chalmers SA. Ketokonazole for treatmentof dermatophytosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc1992; 200: 77-8.32. Kadunc Kos V, Kramarič P. Equine dermatophytosis.In: Proceedings of the 5 th Conference of Slovenianveterinarians. Ljubljana: Slovenian Veterinary Association,1998: 196-9.33. Perrins N, Bond R. Synergistic inhibition of thegrowth in vitro of Microsporum canis by miconazole andchlorhexidine. Vet Dermatol 2003; 14(2): 99-102.34. DeJaham C. Enilconazole emulsion in the treatmentof dermatophytosis in Persian cats; tolerance andsuitability. In: Kwochka KW, Willemse T, Von TscharnerC, eds. Advances in veterinary dermatology. Vol.3. Oxford:Butterworth Heinemann, 1998: 299-307.
Page 1 and 2: Slov Vet Res 2007; 44 (3): 55-96ISS
Page 3 and 4: The Scientific Journal of the Veter
Page 6 and 7: Slov Vet Res 2007; 44 (3): 55-62UDC
Page 8 and 9: The use of animals in biomedical re
Page 16 and 17: Dermatophytoses In domestic animals
Page 28 and 29: Retinoic acid as a therapy for Cush
Page 30 and 31: Retinoic acid as a therapy for Cush
Page 32 and 33: Slov Vet Res 2007; 44 (3):UDC 614.3
Page 34 and 35: Determination of malachite green an
Page 44 and 45: Plasma pyruvic acid changes in Zebu
Page 46 and 47: Plasma pyruvic acid changes in Zebu
Page 48 and 49: INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORSSlovenian V

SLOVENIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?