Nation-Building and Contested Identities: Romanian & Hungarian ...

ZOLTÁN PÁLFYreturned home after the completion of their studies. Out of the 200 mentionedabove, 102 found employment in Hungary, 53 in “other places,”and 15 in “unknown places” (a formulation which might well have beeneuphemism for “unemployed,” or, at best, under-employed). Meanwhile,of the approximately 250 diplomas that were naturalized in interwar Hungary,only 2 were issued by a Romanian university. 38 For Hungarians fromthe successor states who intended to pursue a career that corresponded totheir academic qualifications, choosing the geographic location of theiruniversity studies meant a choice of citizenship as well. With the alteredpatterns of student migration of the interwar period, the direct or covertforced migration of this group had an important effect on the social, politicaland intellectual history of the region.NOTES1István Mészáros, A magyar nevelésügy és iskolatörténet kronológiája, 966-1996(Chronology of the history of Hungarian education and schooling, 966-1966)(Budapest: Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, 1996), p. 79; Ottó Szabolcs, Munkanélküli diplomások a Horthy-rendszerben, 1914-1944 (Unemployed degreeholdersunder the Horthy-regime, 1914-1944) (Budapest: Kossuth, 1964), pp.61-62. See also Kálmán Kulcsár, Contemporary Hungarian Society (Budapest:Corvina, 1984). According to Kulcsár, Klebelsberg actually managed to converta considerable part of the military budget into funds that helped carryingout substantial reforms of the Hungarian educational system.2For more details, see László Szögi, “Párhuzamos utak. A kolozsvári és a pozsonyiegyetem válságos idõszakának történetéhez” (Parallel roads: On the criticalperiod of the history of the universities of Kolozsvár and Pozsony), in JózsefMihály Kiss, ed., Tanulmányok a magyar felsõoktatás XIX-XX. századitörténetébõl (Studies on the history of higher education in Hungary in the 19 thand 20 th centuries) (Budapest: ELTE, 1991); see also Julius Kornis, Educationin Hungary (New York: Columbia University Teachers College, 1932), pp. 129-130, and Mészáros, A magyar nevelésügy, p. 80.3Irina Livezeanu, Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, NationBuilding & Ethnic Struggle, 1918-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995),p. 227; see also Gheorghe Iancu, The Ruling Council: The Integration of Transylvaniainto Romania, 1918-1920 (Cluj-Napoca: The Romanian CulturalFoundation, 1995), p. 226.4Kornis, Education in Hungary, p. 127, and Dezsõ Laky, ed., “A magyar egyetemihallgatók statisztikája, 1930” (Statistics of the Hungarian university studentsin 1930), Magyar Statisztikai Közlemények, n. s. vol. 87 (1931), p. 34.5Emil Petrichevich, Jelentés az Országos Menekültügyi Hivatal négy évi mûködésérõl(Report on the four-year activity of the National Refugee Office)(Budapest: Pesti Könyvnyomda R.T., 1924), pp. 18-39. Between 1920 and 1924,192