Global Fissile Material Report 2009: A Path to Nuclear Disarmament

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Table of ContentsAbout the IPFM 1Foreword 2Overview 41 Nuclear Weapon and Fissile Material Stocks and Production 82 Fissile Materials and Nuclear Disarmament 243 Declarations of Fissile Material Stocks and Production 324 Nuclear Archaeology 525 Verified Warhead Dismantlement 676 Disposition of Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 777 Verified Cutoff of Fissile Material Production for Weapons 878 Nuclear Power and Nuclear Disarmament 1039 Societal Verification 114Appendix A: Fissile Materials and Nuclear Weapons 124Appendix B: Worldwide Locations of Nuclear Weapons, 2009 132Endnotes 139IPFM Members, Other Contributors and Princeton’s Programon Science and Global Security 170
Page 7 and 8: About the IPFMThe International Pan
Page 9: The 2009 Global Fissile Material Re
Page 16 and 17: United States. In July 2009, the U.
Page 18 and 19: In July 2009, the African Nuclear-W
Page 20 and 21: Separative Work Units (SWU) per yea
Page 22: India. India continues to produce w
Page 31 and 32: Early effortsIn 1946, the eliminati
Page 33 and 34: total elimination of their nuclear
Page 35 and 36: inventory of their fissile material
Page 37 and 38: centrated in the United States and
Page 39 and 40: The quantities may aid in public di
Page 41 and 42: Content of Declarations and Sequenc
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.4. Evolution of the U.S. s
Page 45 and 46: The United States and Russia agreed
Page 47 and 48: ConclusionsDeclarations of fissile
Page 49 and 50: in a physical inventory) occurs pri
Page 51 and 52: In the late 1940s, NMMSS was a manu
Page 53 and 54:
A difficulty in using NMMSS for thi
Page 55 and 56:
line was scheduled for completion i
Page 57 and 58:
Year of spent fueldischargeEstimate
Page 59 and 60:
Direct measurements of the fissile
Page 61 and 62:
At the most basic level, the analys
Page 63 and 64:
Integrated Assessments of Historica
Page 65 and 66:
• The type of enrichment technolo
Page 67 and 68:
“large number of non-destructive
Page 69 and 70:
Appendix 4A.U.S. Proposal for Verif
Page 71 and 72:
• a general description of any si
Page 73 and 74:
5 Verified Warhead DismantlementThe
Page 75 and 76:
The initial declarationFollowing th
Page 77 and 78:
place them in sealed and tagged con
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Gamma Radiation Signature. The fiss
Page 81 and 82:
During a dismantlement campaign, th
Page 83 and 84:
6 Disposition of Plutonium andHighl
Page 85 and 86:
eason is that most of the weapon-gr
Page 87 and 88:
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 6.4. The Mixed-Oxide(MOX) Fu
Page 91 and 92:
Given the problems with both U.S. a
Page 93 and 94:
7 Verified Cutoff of Fissile Materi
Page 95 and 96:
The verification challenge at these
Page 99 and 100:
When such particles are identified,
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 7.3. Releases of the radioac
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix 7A.Verification of a Ban o
Page 105 and 106:
In September 1990, the 4th review c
Page 107 and 108:
measurement technologies applied fo
Page 109 and 110:
8 Nuclear Power andNuclear Disarmam
Page 111 and 112:
The United States deployed huge res
Page 113 and 114:
A World with Nuclear EnergyToday, t
Page 115 and 116:
Countries with once-through nuclear
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 8.7 offers some notional tim
Page 119 and 120:
ConclusionPossession of civilian nu
Page 121 and 122:
controls would be required includin
Page 123 and 124:
The skepticism about societal verif
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 9.3. Two of the pictures tak
Page 127 and 128:
In the nuclear area, there exists a
Page 129 and 130:
The obligation to protect witnesses
Page 131 and 132:
The minimum amount of material need
Page 133 and 134:
Modern nuclear weapons generally co
Page 135 and 136:
Figure A.5. The gas centrifuge for
Page 137 and 138:
the other end of the spectrum, adva
Page 139 and 140:
ChinaCountry Location/Name Region/P
Page 141 and 142:
Country Location/Name Region/Provin
Page 143 and 144:
Country Location/Name Region/Provin
Page 145 and 146:
EndnotesChapter 1. Nuclear Weapon a
Page 147 and 148:
31.Sandeep Unnithan, “PM’s wife
Page 149 and 150:
56.The natural uranium fueled react
Page 151 and 152:
89.The Draft Convention proposed by
Page 153 and 154:
111.Michael Hoffman, “B-52 mistak
Page 155 and 156:
135.Memorandum of Understanding reg
Page 157 and 158:
171.MCNPX (MCNP eXtended) is a Mont
Page 159 and 160:
200.In the case of plutonium, for e
Page 161 and 162:
IAEA to verify through an “inform
Page 163 and 164:
251.Global Fissile Material Report
Page 165 and 166:
277.Agreement Concerning the Manage
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 7. Verified Cutoff of Fissi
Page 169 and 170:
325.R. Scott Kemp, “Initial Analy
Page 171 and 172:
with a flow sheet and an equipment
Page 173 and 174:
384.Ronald P. Mitchell, “Identify
Page 175 and 176:
SRF “sites” were at 11 bases. I
Page 177 and 178:
tine-Brazil inspectorate. Goldember
Page 179 and 180:
Pavel Podvig (Russia) is a research
Page 181 and 182:
Frank von Hippel (Co-Chair, Princet
Page 183 and 184:
Robert S. Norris is a senior resear
Page 185:
Over the past six decades, our unde
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