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In ns, packets are defaulted to a code point of zero. Therefore, user must add a PHB entry for the zero code point in order tohandle best effort traffic.In addition, commands are available to allow the user to choose the scheduling mode between physical queues. For example:$dsredq setSchedularMode WRR$dsredq addQueueWeights 1 5The above pair of commands sets the scheduling mode to Weighted Round Robin and the weight for queue 1 to 5. Otherscheduling modes supported are Weighted Interleaved Round Robin (WIRR), Round Robin (RR), and Priority (PRI). Thedefault scheduling mode is Round Robin.For Priority scheduling, priority is arranged in sequential order with queue 0 having the highest priority. Also, one can set thea limit on the maximum bandwidth a particular queue can get using as follows:$dsredq setSchedularMode PRI$dsredq addQueueRate 0 5000000These commands specify the maximum bandwidth that queue 0 can consume is 5Mb.The addPolicyEntry command is used to add an entry to the Policy Table. It takes different parameters depending onwhat policer type is used. The first two parameters after the command name are always the source and destination node IDs,and the next parameter is the policer type. Following the policer type are the parameters needed by that policer as summarizedbelow:Null Initial code pointTSW2CM Initial code point CIRTSW3CM Initial code point CIR PIRTokenBucket Initial code point CIR CBSsrTCM Initial code point CIR CBS EBStrTCM Initial code point CIR CBS PIR PBSNote that the Null policer requires only the initial code point. Since this policer does not downgrade packets, other informationis not necessary. Consider a Tcl script for which $q is a variable for an edge queue, and $s and $d are source and destinationnodes. The following command adds a TSW2CM policer for traffic going from the source to the destination:$q addPolicyEntry [$s id] [$d id] TSW2CM 10 2000000Other parameters could be used for different policers in place of "TSW2CM":Null 10TSW3CM 10 2000000 3000000TokenBucket 10 2000000 10000srTCM 10 2000000 10000 20000trTCM 10 2000000 10000 3000000 10000Note, however, that only one policy can be applied to any source destination pair.91
The following command adds an entry to the Policer Table, specifying that the trTCM has initial (green) code point 10,downgraded (yellow) code point 11 and further downgraded (red) code point 12:$dsredq addPolicerEntry trTCM 10 11 12There must be a Policer Table entry in place for every policer type and initial code point pair. It should be noticed that theNull policer is added in the following way:$dsredq addPolicerEntry Null 10Downgrade code points are not specified because the Null policy does not meter traffic characteristics.Queries supported:Output entires in Policy Table, one line at a time:$dsredq printPolicyTableOutput entires in Policer Table, one line at a time:$dsredq printPolicerTableOutput entries in PHB table, one line at a time:$dsredq printPHBTablePackets statistic results:$dsredq printStatsSample output:Packets StatisticsCP TotPkts TxPkts ldrops edropsAll 249126 249090 21 1510 150305 150300 0 520 98821 98790 21 10CP: code pointTotPkts: packets receivedTxPkts: packets sentldrops: packets are dropped due to link overflowedrops: RED early dropping).Returns the RED weighted average size of the specified physical queue:$dsredq getAverage 0Returns the current size of the C Bucket (in bytes):$dsredq getCBucket9.4 Commands at a glanceThe following is a list of related commands commonly used in simulation scripts:92
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
Page 49 and 50: The Node instance variable, entry_,
Page 51 and 52: The default values for all the abov
Page 53 and 54: The classify() method is pure virtu
Page 55 and 56: };The class imposes no direct seman
Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a
Page 59 and 60: 5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
Page 61 and 62: Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis
Page 65 and 66: Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
Page 67 and 68: 6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
Page 69 and 70: $ns_ link-lossmodel This function
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
Page 73 and 74: }}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
Page 75 and 76: 7.3 Different types of Queue object
Page 77 and 78: maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
Page 79 and 80: dst_ The destination address of pac
Page 81 and 82: 7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
Page 83 and 84: mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This
Page 87 and 88: The recv() method overrides the bas
Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
Page 91: Average sending rateTSW window leng
Page 95 and 96: $qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
Page 99 and 100: CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
Page 101 and 102: }bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
Page 105 and 106: public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
Page 107 and 108: 10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
Page 113 and 114: (void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
Page 115 and 116: * outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
Page 119 and 120: method is now obsolete; its usage i
Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In
Page 125 and 126: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
Page 129 and 130: SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
Page 131 and 132: This is a simple example of how to
Page 133 and 134: Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
Page 135 and 136: };void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
Page 137 and 138: and the frame type. It then passes
Page 139 and 140: $ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
Page 141 and 142: 14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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