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maxthresh_ The maximum threshold for the average queue size in packets.mean_pktsize_ A rough estimate of the average packet size in bytes. Used in updating the calculated average queuesize after an idle period.q_weight_ The queue weight, used in the exponential-weighted moving average for calculating the average queue size.wait_ Set to true to maintain an interval between dropped packets.linterm_ As the average queue size varies between "thresh_" and "maxthresh_", the packet dropping probability variesbetween 0 and "1/linterm".setbit_ Set to "true" to mark packets by setting the congestion indication bit in packet headers rather than drop packets.drop-tail_ Set to true to use drop-tail rather than randomdrop when the queue overflows or the average queue sizeexceeds "maxthresh_". For a further explanation of these variables, see [2].None of the state variables of the RED implementation are accessible.• CBQ objects: CBQ objects are a subclass of Queue objects that implement class-based queueing.$cbq insert Insert traffic class class into the link-sharing structure associated with link object cbq.$cbq bind [$id2]Cause packets containing flow id id1 (or those in the range id1 to id2 inclusive) to be associated with the traffic classcbqclass.$cbq algorithm Select the CBQ internal algorithm. may be set to one of: "ancestor-only", "top-level", or "formal".• CBQ/WRR objects: CBQ/WRR objects are a subclass of CBQ objects that implement weighted round-robin schedulingamong classes of the same priority level. In contrast, CBQ objects implement packet-by-packet round-robin schedulingamong classes of the same priority level. Configuration Parameters are:maxpkt_ The maximum size of a packet in bytes. This is used only by CBQ/WRR objects in computing maximumbandwidth allocations for the weighted round-robin scheduler.CBQCLASS OBJECTSCBQClass objects implement the traffic classes associated with CBQ objects.$cbqclass setparams Sets several of the configuration parameters for the CBQ traffic class (see below).$cbqclass parent specify the parent of this class in the link-sharing tree. The parent may be specified as “none” to indicate this class is a root.$cbqclass newallot Change the link allocation of this class to the specified amount (in range 0.0 to 1.0). Note that only the specified class isaffected.$cbqclass install-queue Install a Queue object into the compound CBQ or CBQ/WRR link structure. When a CBQ object is initially created, itincludes no internal queue (only a packet classifier and scheduler).Configuration Parameters are:okborrow_ is a boolean indicating the class is permitted to borrow bandwidth from its parent.allot_ is the maximum fraction of link bandwidth allocated to the class expressed as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0.75
maxidle_ is the maximum amount of time a class may be required to have its packets queued before they are permitted to beforwardedpriority_ is the class’ priority level with respect to other classes. This value may range from 0 to 10, and more than one classmay exist at the same priority. Priority 0 is the highest priority.level_ is the level of this class in the link-sharing tree. Leaf nodes in the tree are considered to be at level 1; their parents areat level 2, etc.extradelay_ increase the delay experienced by a delayed class by the specified timeQUEUE-MONITOR OBJECTSQueueMonitor Objects are used to monitor a set of packet and byte arrival, departure and drop counters. It also includessupport for aggregate statistics such as average queue size, etc.$queuemonitorreset all the cumulative counters described below (arrivals, departures, and drops) to zero. Also, reset the integrators anddelay sampler, if defined.$queuemonitor set-delay-samples Set up the Samples object delaySamp_ to record statistics about queue delays. delaySamp_ is a handle to a Samples objecti.e the Samples object should have already been created.$queuemonitor get-bytes-integratorReturns an Integrator object that can be used to find the integral of the queue size in bytes.$queuemonitor get-pkts-integratorReturns an Integrator object that can be used to find the integral of the queue size in packets.$queuemonitor get-delay-samplesReturns a Samples object delaySamp_ to record statistics about queue delays.There are no configuration parameters specific to this object.State Variables are:size_ Instantaneous queue size in bytes.pkts_ Instantaneous queue size in packets.parrivals_ Running total of packets that have arrived.barrivals_ Running total of bytes contained in packets that have arrived.pdepartures_ Running total of packets that have departed (not dropped).bdepartures_ Running total of bytes contained in packets that have departed (not dropped).pdrops_ Total number of packets dropped.bdrops_ Total number of bytes dropped.bytesInt_ Integrator object that computes the integral of the queue size in bytes. The sum_ variable of this object has therunning sum (integral) of the queue size in bytes.pktsInt_ Integrator object that computes the integral of the queue size in packets. The sum_ variable of this object has therunning sum (integral) of the queue size in packets.76
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
Page 25 and 26: By convention in ns, the class Agen
Page 27 and 28: $object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
Page 29 and 30: For a C++ variable to be traceable,
Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
Page 33 and 34: class Packet {......static int hdrl
Page 35 and 36: The actual arguments passed by the
Page 37 and 38: class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
Page 49 and 50: The Node instance variable, entry_,
Page 51 and 52: The default values for all the abov
Page 53 and 54: The classify() method is pure virtu
Page 55 and 56: };The class imposes no direct seman
Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a
Page 59 and 60: 5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
Page 61 and 62: Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis
Page 65 and 66: Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
Page 67 and 68: 6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
Page 69 and 70: $ns_ link-lossmodel This function
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
Page 73 and 74: }}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
Page 75: 7.3 Different types of Queue object
Page 79 and 80: dst_ The destination address of pac
Page 81 and 82: 7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
Page 83 and 84: mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This
Page 87 and 88: The recv() method overrides the bas
Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
Page 91 and 92: Average sending rateTSW window leng
Page 93 and 94: The following command adds an entry
Page 95 and 96: $qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
Page 99 and 100: CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
Page 101 and 102: }bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
Page 105 and 106: public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
Page 107 and 108: 10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
Page 113 and 114: (void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
Page 115 and 116: * outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
Page 119 and 120: method is now obsolete; its usage i
Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In
Page 125 and 126: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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