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head{}queue{}link{}up{}down{}up?{}all-connectors{}cost{}cost?{}returns the handle for head_.returns the handle for queue_.returns the handle for the delay element, link_.set link status to “up” in the dynamics_ element. Also, writes out a trace line to each filespecified through the procedure trace-dynamics{}.As with up{}, set link status to “down” in the dynamics_ element. Also, writes out a traceline to each file specified through the procedure trace-dynamics{}.returns status of the link. Status is “up” or “down”; status is “up” if link dynamics is not enabled.Apply specified operation to all connectors on the link.p An example of such usage is linkall-connectors reset.set link cost to value specified.returns the cost of the link. Default cost of link is 1, if no cost has been specified earlier.SimpleLink Procedures The Otcl class SimpleLink implements a simple point-to-point link with an associatedqueue and delay 1 . It is derived from the base Otcl class Link as follows:Class SimpleLink -superclass LinkSimpleLink instproc init { src dst bw delay q { lltype "DelayLink" } } {$self next $src $dst$self instvar link_ queue_ head_ toNode_ ttl_...set queue_ $qset link_ [new Delay/Link]$link_ set bandwidth_ $bw$link_ set delay_ $delay$queue_ target $link_$link_ target [$toNode_ entry]}...# XXX# put the ttl checker after the delay# so we don’t have to worry about accounting# for ttl-drops within the trace and/or monitor# fabric#set ttl_ [new TTLChecker]$ttl_ target [$link_ target]$link_ target $ttl_Notice that when a SimpleLink object is created, new Delay/Link and TTLChecker objects are also created. Notealso that, the Queue object must have already been created.There are two additional methods implemented (in OTcl) as part of the SimpleLink class: trace and init-monitor.These functions are described in further detail in the section on tracing (Chapter 26).1 The current version also includes an object to examine the network layer “ttl” field and discard packets if the field reaches zero.65
6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink classifiers, only generate data for one recipient; either the packet is delivered to the target_ neighbor,or it is sent to he drop-target_.A connector will receive a packet, perform some function, and deliver the packet to its neighbor, or drop the packet. Thereare a number of different types of connectors in ns. Each connector performs a different function.networkinterfaceDynaLinkDelayLinkQueuesTTLCheckerlabels packets with incoming interface identifier—it is used by some multicast routing protocols. Theclass variable “Simulator NumberInterfaces_ 1” tells ns to add these interfaces, and then, it is addedto either end of the simplex link. Multicast routing protocols are discussed in a separate chapter(Chapter 30).Object that gates traffic depending on whether the link is up or down. It expects to be at the head of thelink, and is inserted on the link just prior to simulation start. It’s status_ variable control whetherthe link is up or down. The description of how the DynaLink object is used is in a separate chapter(Chapter 31).Object that models the link’s delay and bandwidth characteristics. If the link is not dynamic, then thisobject simply schedules receive events for the downstream object for each packet it receives at theappropriate time for that packet. However, if the link is dynamic, then it queues the packets internally,and schedules one receives event for itself for the next packet that must be delivered. Thus, if thelink goes down at some point, this object’s reset() method is invoked, and the object will drop allpackets in transit at the instant of link failure. We discuss the specifics of this class in another chapter(Chapter 8).model the output buffers attached to a link in a “real” router in a network. In ns, they are attached to,and are considered as part of the link. We discuss the details of queues and different types of queuesin nsin another chapter (Chapter 7).will decrement the ttl in each packet that it receives. If that ttl then has a positive value, the packet isforwarded to the next element on the link. In the simple links, TTLCheckers are automatically added,and are placed as the last element on the link, between the delay element, and the entry for the nextnode.6.3 Object hierarchyThe base class used to represent links is called Link. Methods for this class are listed in the next section. Other link objectsderived from the base class are given as follows:• SimpleLink Object A SimpleLink object is used to represent a simple unidirectional link. There are no state variablesor configuration parameters associated with this object. Methods for this class are: $simplelink enable-mcast This turns on multicast for the link by creating an incoming network interface for the destination and adds an outgoinginterface for the source.$simplelink trace Build trace objects for this link and update object linkage. If op is specified as "nam" create nam trace files.$simplelink nam-trace Sets up nam tracing in the link.$simplelink trace-dynamics This sets up tracing specially for dynamic links. allows setting up of nam tracing as well.66
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
Page 19 and 20: Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
Page 21 and 22: • if you can do what you want by
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Page 25 and 26: By convention in ns, the class Agen
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Page 33 and 34: class Packet {......static int hdrl
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Page 37 and 38: class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
Page 49 and 50: The Node instance variable, entry_,
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Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
Page 91 and 92: Average sending rateTSW window leng
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Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
Page 99 and 100: CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
Page 101 and 102: }bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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