The ns Manual (formerly ns Notes and Documentation)1 - NM Lab at ...

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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1 Free space model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17718.2 Two-ray ground reflection model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17818.3 Shadowing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17818.3.1 Backgroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17818.3.2 Using shadowing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18018.4 Communication range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18018.5 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18119 Energy Model in ns 18219.1 The C++ EnergyModel Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18219.2 The OTcl interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18320 Directed Diffusion 18420.1 What is Directed Diffusion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18420.2 The diffusion model in ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18420.3 Some mac issues for diffusion in ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18520.4 APIs for using filters in diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18620.5 Ping: an example diffusion application implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18620.5.1 Ping Application as implemented in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18620.5.2 Tcl APIs for the ping application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18720.6 Changes required to add yr diffusion application to ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18720.7 Test-suites for diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18920.8 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18921 XCP: eXplicit Congestion control Protocol 19121.1 What is XCP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19121.2 Implementation of XCP in NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19221.2.1 Endpoints in XCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19221.2.2 XCP Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19321.2.3 XCP queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19321.3 XCP example script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19421.4 Test-suites for XCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19721.5 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19722 DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay and Loss 19822.1 Implementation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19822.2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19922.3 Commands at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20023 Changes made to the IEEE 802.15.4 Implementation in NS-2.31 20223.1 Radio shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20223.2 Other changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203III Support 20424 Debugging ns 20524.1 Tcl-level Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20524.2 C++-Level Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20524.3 Mixing Tcl and C debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20624.4 Memory Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20724.4.1 Using dmalloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20724.4.2 Memory Conservation Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20824.4.3 Some statistics collected by dmalloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085

24.5 Memory Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20824.5.1 OTcl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20924.5.2 C/C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20925 Mathematical Support 21025.1 Random Number Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21025.1.1 Seeding The RNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21125.1.2 OTcl Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21325.1.3 C++ Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21425.2 Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21525.3 Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21625.4 ns-random . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21725.5 Some mathematical-support related objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21825.6 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21826 Trace and Monitoring Support 22026.1 Trace Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22026.1.1 OTcl Helper Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22126.2 Library support and examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22226.3 The C++ Trace Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22426.4 Trace File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22526.5 Packet Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22726.6 Queue Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22826.7 Per-Flow Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23026.7.1 The Flow Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23026.7.2 Flow Monitor Trace Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23026.7.3 The Flow Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23126.8 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23127 Test Suite Support 23427.1 Test Suite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23427.2 Write a Test Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23428 ns Code Styles 23728.1 Indentation style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23728.2 Variable Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23728.3 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237IV Routing 23929 Unicast Routing 24029.1 The Interface to the Simulation Operator (The API) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24029.2 Other Configuration Mechanisms for Specialised Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24129.3 Protocol Specific Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24229.4 Internals and Architecture of Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24329.4.1 The classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24329.4.2 Interface to Network Dynamics and Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24729.5 Protocol Internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24829.6 Unicast routing objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24929.7 Commands at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2496

Page 8 and 9: 30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic

Page 10 and 11: 38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .

Page 12 and 13: X Other 40347 Educational use of NS

Page 14: # so, we lied. now, we define the t

Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs

Page 19 and 20: Part IInterface to the Interpreter1

Page 21 and 22: • if you can do what you want by

Page 23 and 24: • tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t

Page 25 and 26: By convention in ns, the class Agen

Page 27 and 28: $object set bwvar 1500kb$object set

Page 29 and 30: For a C++ variable to be traceable,

Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla

Page 33 and 34: class Packet {......static int hdrl

Page 35 and 36: The actual arguments passed by the

Page 37 and 38: class TclClass (Section 3.5) define

Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove

Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc

Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns

Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event

Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla

Page 49 and 50: The Node instance variable, entry_,

Page 51 and 52: The default values for all the abov

Page 53 and 54: The classify() method is pure virtu

Page 55 and 56: };The class imposes no direct seman

Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a

Page 59 and 60: 5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O

Page 61 and 62: Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc

Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis

Page 65 and 66: Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt

Page 67 and 68: 6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl

Page 69 and 70: $ns_ link-lossmodel This function

Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe

Page 73 and 74: }}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =

Page 75 and 76: 7.3 Different types of Queue object

Page 77 and 78: maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t

Page 79 and 80: dst_ The destination address of pac

Page 81 and 82: 7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s

Page 83 and 84: mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe

Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This

Page 87 and 88: The recv() method overrides the bas

Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an

Page 91 and 92: Average sending rateTSW window leng

Page 93 and 94: The following command adds an entry

Page 95 and 96: $qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha

Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en

Page 99 and 100: CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage

Page 101 and 102: }bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_

Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a

Page 105 and 106: public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :

Page 107 and 108: 10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl

Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number

Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token

Page 113 and 114: (void)Scheduler::instance().schedul

Page 115 and 116: * outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp

Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format

Page 119 and 120: method is now obsolete; its usage i

Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to

Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In

Page 125 and 126: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom

Page 127 and 128: Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d

Page 129 and 130: SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat

Page 131 and 132: This is a simple example of how to

Page 133 and 134: Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node

Page 135 and 136: };void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi

Page 137 and 138: and the frame type. It then passes

Page 139 and 140: $ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band

Page 141 and 142: 14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo

Page 143 and 144: 15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting

Page 145 and 146: Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh

Page 147 and 148: entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar

Page 149 and 150: 16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m

Page 151 and 152: set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(

Page 153 and 154: the hardware address of a packet’

Page 155 and 156: destined to itself to the port dmux

Page 157 and 158: switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br

Page 159 and 160: 16.1.7 Revised format for wireless

Page 161 and 162: Packet info at "Application level"

Page 163 and 164: The main problem facing the wired-c

Page 165 and 166: target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent

Page 167 and 168: why: This avoids header clashes bet

Page 169 and 170: This command is used to create a Go

Page 171 and 172: Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n

Page 173 and 174: in counter-rotating planes (where t

Page 175 and 176: • Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar

Page 177 and 178: $ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b

Page 179 and 180: $satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher

Page 181 and 182: This will add an error model to the

Page 183 and 184: lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is

Page 185 and 186: from routing agentto Node->entrySat

Page 187 and 188: $satnode add-isl This method c

Page 189 and 190: set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace

Page 191 and 192: 18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore

Page 193 and 194: Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy

Page 195 and 196: Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir

Page 197 and 198: However if we have a large and dens

Page 199 and 200: yr application in the ns context. T

Page 201 and 202: value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t

Page 203 and 204: 21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn

Page 205 and 206: the persistent queue length in the

Page 207 and 208: Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_

Page 209 and 210: Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay

Page 211 and 212: $ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak

Page 213 and 214: Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE

Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214

Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc

Page 219 and 220: 24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome

Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s

Page 223 and 224: set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <

Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the

Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv

Page 229 and 230: ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis

Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp

Page 233 and 234: The monitor-queue function is const

Page 235 and 236: also used to accumulate packet drop

Page 237 and 238: }name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(

Page 239 and 240: PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne

Page 241 and 242: The QueueMonitor class is not deriv

Page 243 and 244: $ns_ trace-all This is the command

Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns

Page 247 and 248: ... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self

Page 249 and 250: Example: To enable debugging in Que

Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti

Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi

Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines

Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g

Page 259 and 260: Global Actions Once the detailed ac

Page 261 and 262: This dumps next hop information in

Page 263 and 264: $ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr

Page 265 and 266: Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol

Page 267 and 268: and unique label (id). Thus, “inc

Page 269 and 270: add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}

Page 271 and 272: CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul

Page 273 and 274: $ns_ mrtproto This command specifi

Page 275 and 276: Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap

Page 277 and 278: v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u

Page 279 and 280: The first argument is the time at w

Page 281 and 282: $ns_ rtmodel This command defines

Page 283 and 284: $ns set-address-format hierarchical

Page 285 and 286: 32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess

Page 287 and 288: Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents

Page 289 and 290: Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de

Page 291 and 292: set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n

Page 293 and 294: 34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC

Page 295 and 296: Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t

Page 297 and 298: 34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi

Page 299 and 300: Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d

Page 301 and 302: Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome

Page 303 and 304: Note: the actual value of these tra

Page 305 and 306: 1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1

Page 307 and 308: $ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu

Page 309 and 310: Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des

Page 311 and 312: 36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete

Page 313 and 314: 3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi

Page 315 and 316: 3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730

Page 317 and 318: 36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM

Page 319 and 320: same packet. The repair objet does

Page 321 and 322: }hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc

Page 323 and 324: set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds

Page 325 and 326: #set up the multicast routingDM set

Page 327 and 328: 37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc

Page 329 and 330: We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv

Page 331 and 332: Part VIApplication330

Page 333 and 334: Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff

Page 335 and 336: • recv(int nbytes)—Announces th

Page 337 and 338: 1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi

Page 339 and 340: set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne

Page 341 and 342: Application FTP FTP objects produce

Page 343 and 344: send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,

Page 345 and 346: 39.1.4 Transmitting user data over

Page 347 and 348: and teardown of connections. Only O

Page 349 and 350: TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP

Page 351 and 352: PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two

Page 353 and 354: }int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio

Page 355 and 356: An Http/Server object waits for inc

Page 357 and 358: set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen

Page 359 and 360: Object Type Event Type Explaination

Page 361 and 362: Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter

Page 363 and 364: $w local-p 0.5Following are some co

Page 365 and 366: (nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod

Page 367 and 368: HTTP responsesclients servers Delay

Page 369 and 370: 41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow

Page 371 and 372: • HTTP response size (bytes)• s

Page 373 and 374: Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist

Page 375 and 376: 42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen

Page 377 and 378: Delay and Loss Modules Each receive

Page 379 and 380: Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti

Page 381 and 382: set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$

Page 383 and 384: Part VIIIEmulation382

Page 385 and 386: When using the emulation mode, a sp

Page 387 and 388: set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "

Page 389 and 390: puts "install nets into taps..."$a0

Page 391 and 392: Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i

Page 393 and 394: • Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close

Page 395 and 396: Second, when dealing with randomly

Page 397 and 398: dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n

Page 399 and 400: • up• down• right• left•

Page 401 and 402: 46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve

Page 403 and 404: v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo

Page 405 and 406: If nam ever gets to the end of an e

Page 407 and 408: l :link-t time-s source id-d des

Page 409 and 410: E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time

Page 411 and 412: v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl

Page 413 and 414: $ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns

Page 415 and 416: Chapter 47Educational use of NS and

Page 417 and 418: Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A

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