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Tracking Neighbors Each node keeps a list of its adjacent neighbors in its instance variable, neighbor_. The procedureadd-neighbor{} adds a neighbor to the list. The procedure neighbors{} returns this list.5.3 Node Configuration InterfaceNOTE: This API, especially its internal implementation which is messy at this point, is still a moving target. It may undergosignificant changes in the near future. However, we will do our best to maintain the same interface as described in this chapter.In addition, this API currently does not cover all existing nodes in the old format, namely, nodes built using inheritance, andparts of mobile IP. It is principally oriented towards wireless and satellite simulation. [Sep 15, 2000; updated June 2001].Simulator::node-config{} accommodates flexible and modular construction of different node definitions within thesame base Node class. For instance, to create a mobile node capable of wireless communication, one no longer needs aspecialized node creation command, e.g., dsdv-create-mobile-node{}; instead, one changes default configurationparameters, such as$ns node-config -adhocRouting dsdvbefore actually creating the node with the command: $ns node. Together with routing modules, this allows one to combine“arbitrary” routing functionalities within a single node without resorting to multiple inheritance and other fancy objectgimmicks. We will describe this in more detail in Section 5.5. The functions and procedures relevant to the new node APIsmay be found in ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-node.tcl.The node configuration interface consists of two parts. The first part deals with node configuration, while the second partactually creates nodes of the specified type. We have already seen the latter in Section 5.1, in this section we will describe theconfiguration part.Node configuration essentially consists of defining the different node characteristics before creating them. They may consistof the type of addressing structure used in the simulation, defining the network components for mobilenodes, turning on oroff the trace options at Agent/Router/MAC levels, selecting the type of adhoc routing protocol for wireless nodes or definingtheir energy model.As an example, node-configuration for a wireless, mobile node that runs AODV as its adhoc routing protocol in a hierarchicaltopology would be as shown below. We decide to turn tracing on at the agent and router level only. Also we assume a topologyhas been instantiated with "set topo [new Topography]". The node-config command would look like the following:$ns_ node-config -addressType hierarchical \-adhocRouting AODV \-llType LL \-macType Mac/802_11 \-ifqType Queue/DropTail/PriQueue \-ifqLen 50 \-antType Antenna/OmniAntenna \-propType Propagation/TwoRayGround \-phyType Phy/WirelessPhy \-topologyInstance $topo \-channel Channel/WirelessChannel \-agentTrace ON \-routerTrace ON \-macTrace OFF \-movementTrace OFF49
The default values for all the above options are NULL except -addressingType whose default value is flat. The option-reset can be used to reset all node-config parameters to their default value.Note that the config command can be broken down into separate lines like$ns_ node-config -addressingType hier$ns_ node-config -macTrace ONThe options that need to be changed may only be called. For example after configuring for AODV mobilenodes as shownabove (and after creating AODV mobilenodes), we may configure for AODV base-station nodes in the following way:$ns_ node-config -wiredRouting ONWhile all other features for base-station nodes and mobilenodes are same, the base-station nodes are capable of wired routing,while mobilenodes are not. In this way we can change node-configuration only when it is required.All node instances created after a given node-configuration command will have the same property unless a part or all of thenode-config command is executed with different parameter values. And all parameter values remain unchanged unless theyare expicitly changed. So after creation of the AODV base-station and mobilenodes, if we want to create simple nodes, wewill use the following node-configuration command:$ns_ node-config -resetThis will set all parameter values to their default setting which basically defines configuration of a simple node.Currently, this type of node configuration is oriented towards wireless and satellite nodes. Table 5.1 lists the available optionsfor these kinds of nodes. The example scripts ~ns/tcl/ex/simple-wireless.tcl and ~ns/tcl/ex/sat-mixed.tcl provide usageexamples.5.4 The ClassifierThe function of a node when it receives a packet is to examine the packet’s fields, usually its destination address, and onoccasion, its source address. It should then map the values to an outgoing interface object that is the next downstreamrecipient of this packet.In ns, this task is performed by a simple classifier object. Multiple classifier objects, each looking at a specific portion of thepacket forward the packet through the node. A node in ns uses many different types of classifiers for different purposes. Thissection describes some of the more common, or simpler, classifier objects in ns.We begin with a description of the base class in this section. The next subsections describe the address classifier (Section5.4.1), the multicast classifier (Section 5.4.2), the multipath classifier (Section 5.4.3), the hash classifier (Section 5.4.4),and finally, the replicator (Section 5.4.5).A classifier provides a way to match a packet against some logical criteria and retrieve a reference to another simulationobject based on the match results. Each classifier contains a table of simulation objects indexed by slot number. The job ofa classifier is to determine the slot number associated with a received packet and forward that packet to the object referencedby that particular slot. The C++ class Classifier (defined in ~ns/classifier.h) provides a base class from which otherclassifiers are derived.50
Page 6 and 7: 18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
Page 8 and 9: 30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
Page 10 and 11: 38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
Page 12 and 13: X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
Page 14: # so, we lied. now, we define the t
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
Page 19 and 20: Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
Page 21 and 22: • if you can do what you want by
Page 23 and 24: • tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
Page 25 and 26: By convention in ns, the class Agen
Page 27 and 28: $object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
Page 29 and 30: For a C++ variable to be traceable,
Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
Page 33 and 34: class Packet {......static int hdrl
Page 35 and 36: The actual arguments passed by the
Page 37 and 38: class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis
Page 65 and 66: Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
Page 67 and 68: 6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
Page 69 and 70: $ns_ link-lossmodel This function
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
Page 73 and 74: }}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
Page 75 and 76: 7.3 Different types of Queue object
Page 77 and 78: maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
Page 79 and 80: dst_ The destination address of pac
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Page 83 and 84: mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This
Page 87 and 88: The recv() method overrides the bas
Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
Page 91 and 92: Average sending rateTSW window leng
Page 93 and 94: The following command adds an entry
Page 95 and 96: $qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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