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-g Specify geometry of the window upon startup.-t Instruct nam to use tkgraph, and specify input file nam for tkgraph.-i [Information for this option may not be accurate] Specify rate (real) milliseconds as the screenupdate rate. The default rate i-N Specify the application name of this nam instance. This application name may later be used in peer synchronization.-c The maximum size of the cache used to store ’active’ objects when doing animating in reverse.-f Name of the initialization files to be loaded during startup. In this file, user can define functions which will be called in the t-a Create a separate instance of nam.-p Print out nam trace file format.-S Enable synchronous X behavior so it is easier for graphics debugging. For UNIX system running X only. is the name of the file containing the trace data to be animated. If cannot be read, nam will try to open 45.3 User InterfaceStarting up nam will first create the nam console window. You can have multiple animations running under the same naminstance. At the top of all nam windows is a menu bar. For the nam console there are ’File’ and ’Help’ menus. Under the’File’ there is a ’New’ command for creating a ns topology using the nam editor (under construction) , an ’Open’ commandwhich allows you to open existing tracefiles, a ’WinList’ command that popup a window will the names of all currentlyopened tracefiles, and a ’Quit’ command which exits nam. The ’Help’ menu contains a very limited popup help screen and acommand to show version and copyright information.Once a tracefile has been loaded into nam (either by using the ’Open’ menu command or by specifying the tracefile on thecommand line) an animation window will appear. It has a ’Save layout’ command which will save the current network layoutto a file and a ’Print’ command which will print the current network layout.The ’Views’ menu has 4 buttons:• New view button: Creates a new view of the same animation. User can scroll and zoom on the newview. All views willbe animated synchronously.• Show monitors checkbox: If checked, will show a pane at the lower half of window, where moni-tors will be displayed.• Show autolayout checkbox: If checked, will show a pane at the lower half of window, which con-tains input boxes anda button for automatic layout adjustments. This box will not be enabled when using link orientain layouts.• Show annotation checkbox: If checked, will show a listbox at the lower half of window, which will be used to listannotations in the ascending order of time.Below the menu bar, there is a control bar containing 6 buttons, a label, and a small scrollbar(scale). They can be clicked inany order. We will explain them from left to right.• Button 1 («) - Rewind. When clicked, animation time will go back at the rate of 25 times the current screen update rate.• Button 2 () - Forward play. When clicked, animation will be played forward with time increasing.• Button 5 (») - Fast Forward. When clicked, animation time will go forward at the rate of 25 times the current screenupdate rate.391
• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close current animation window.Time label - Show the current animation time (i.e., simulation time as in the trace file). Rate Slider - Controls the screenupdate rate (animation granularity). The current rate is displayed in the label above the slider.Below the first control bar, there is Main Display, which contains a tool bar and a main view pane with two panning scrollbars. All new views created by menu command ’Views/New view’ will have these three components. The tool bar containstwo zoom buttons. The button with an up arrow zooms in, the button with a down arrrow zooms out. The two scroll bars areused to pan the main animation view.Clicking the left button on any of the objects in the main view pane will pop up a information window. For packet and agentobjects, there is a ’monitor’ button in the popup window. Clicking that button will bring out the monitor pane (if it is notalready there), and add a monitor to the object. For link objects, there will be a ’Graph’ button. Clicking on that button willbring up another popup window, where users can select between drawing a bandwidth utilization graph or drawing a link lossgraph of one simplex edge of the duplex link.Below the user interface objects we have discussed so far, there may or may not be a Monitor pane, depending on whetherthe checkbox ’Views/Show monitors’ is set. (The default is unset). All monitors will be shown in this pane. A monitor lookslike a big button in the pane. Currently only packets and agents may have monitors.A packet monitor shows the size, id, and sent time. When the packet reaches its destination, the monitor will still be there,but will say that the packet is invisible. An agent monitor shows the name of the agent, and if there are any variable tracesassociated with this agent, they will be shown there as well.Below the monitor pane (or in its place if the monitor pane isn’t there), there is a Time Slider. It looks likea scaled ruler, witha tag ’TIME’ which can be dragged along the ruler. It is used to set the current animation time. As you drag the ’TIME’ tag,current animation time will be displayed in the time label in the control bar above. The left edge of the slider represents theearliest event time in the trace file and the right edge represents the last event time. Clicking left button on the ruler (not onthe tag) has the same effect as Rewind or Fast Forward, depending on the clicking position.The Automatic Layout Pane may be visible or hidden. If visible, it is below the time slider. It has three inputboxes and onerelayout button. The labeled input boxes let user adjust two automatic layout constants, and the number of iterations duringnext layout. When user press ENTER in any of the input boxes, or click the’relayout’ button, that number of iterations willbe performed. Refer to the AUTOMATIC LAYOUT section for details of usage.The bottom component of the nam window is a Annotation Listbox, where annotations are displayed. Anannotation is a(time, string) pair, which describes a event occuring at that time. Refer to ns(1) for functions to generate annotations. Doubleclickingon an annotation in the listbox will bring nam to the time when that annotation is recorded. When the pointer iswithin the listbox, clicking the right button will stop the animation and bring up a popup menu with 3 options: Add, Delete,Info. ’Add’ will bring up a dialog box with a text input to add a new annotation entry which has the current animation time.The user can type an annotation string in the dialog box. ‘Delete’ will delete the annotation entry pointed by the pointer.‘Info’ will bring out a pane which shows both the annotation time and the annotation string.45.4 Keyboard CommandsMost of the buttons have keyboard equivalents. Note they only function when the mouse cursor is inside the nam window.• - Typing a will pause nam if it’s not already paused. If nam is paused, will step theanimation one simulated clock tick. (If your keyboard autorepeats, holding down is a goodway to slow-stepthrough the animation.)392
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Page 355 and 356: An Http/Server object waits for inc
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Page 359 and 360: Object Type Event Type Explaination
Page 361 and 362: Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
Page 363 and 364: $w local-p 0.5Following are some co
Page 365 and 366: (nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
Page 367 and 368: HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
Page 369 and 370: 41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
Page 371 and 372: • HTTP response size (bytes)• s
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
Page 375 and 376: 42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
Page 377 and 378: Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
Page 379 and 380: Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
Page 381 and 382: set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
Page 383 and 384: Part VIIIEmulation382
Page 385 and 386: When using the emulation mode, a sp
Page 387 and 388: set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
Page 389 and 390: puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
Page 391: Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
Page 395 and 396: Second, when dealing with randomly
Page 397 and 398: dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
Page 399 and 400: • up• down• right• left•
Page 401 and 402: 46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
Page 403 and 404: v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
Page 405 and 406: If nam ever gets to the end of an e
Page 407 and 408: l :link-t time-s source id-d des
Page 409 and 410: E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
Page 411 and 412: v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
Page 413 and 414: $ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
Page 415 and 416: Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
Page 417 and 418: Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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