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set p [new Application/Traffic/Pareto]$p set packetSize_ 210$p set burst_time_ 500ms$p set idle_time_ 500ms$p set rate_ 200k$p set shape_ 1.5CBR A CBR object is embodied in the OTcl class Application/Traffic/CBR. The member variables that parameterize thisobject are:rate_ the sending rateinterval_ (Optional) interval between packetspacketSize_ the constant size of the packets generatedrandom_ flag indicating whether or not to introduce random “noise” in the scheduled departure times (default isoff)maxpkts_ the maximum number of packets to send (default is (2 2 8)Hence a new CBR traffic generator can be created and parameterized as follows:set e [new Application/Traffic/CBR]$e set packetSize_ 48$e set rate_ 64Kb$e set random_ 1The setting of a CBR object’s rate_ and interval_ are mutually exclusive (the interval between packets is maintainedas an interval variable in C++, and some example ns scripts specify an interval rather than a rate). In a simulation, either arate or an interval (but not both) should be specified for a CBR object.Traffic Trace A Traffic Trace object is instantiated by the OTcl class Application/Traffic/Trace. The associated class Tracefileis used to enable multiple Traffic/Trace objects to be associated with a single trace file. The Traffic/Trace class usesthe method attach-tracefile to associate a Traffic/Trace object with a particular Tracefile object. The method filename ofthe Tracefile class associates a trace file with the Tracefile object. The following example shows how to create two Application/Traffic/Traceobjects, each associated with the same trace file (called "example-trace" in this example). To avoidsynchronization of the traffic generated, random starting places within the trace file are chosen for each Traffic/Trace object.set tfile [new Tracefile]$tfile filename example-traceset t1 [new Application/Traffic/Trace]$t1 attach-tracefile $tfileset t2 [new Application/Traffic/Trace]$t2 attach-tracefile $tfile38.3.1 An exampleThe following code illustrates the basic steps to configure an Exponential traffic source over a UDP agent, for traffic flowingfrom node s1 to node k1:337
set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [new Agent/UDP]$ns_ attach-agent $node_(s1) $src$ns_ attach-agent $node_(k1) $sink$ns_ connect $src $sinkset e [new Application/Traffic/Exponential]$e attach-agent $src$e set packetSize_ 210$e set burst_time_ 500ms$e set idle_time_ 500ms$e set rate_ 100k$ns_ at 0.0 "$e start"38.4 Simulated applications: Telnet and FTPThere are currently two “simulate application” classes derived from Application: Application/FTP and Application/Telnet.These classes work by advancing the count of packets available to be sent by a TCP transport agent. The actual transmissionof available packets is still controlled by TCP’s flow and congestion control algorithm.Application/FTP Application/FTP, implemented in OTcl, simulates bulk data transfer. The following are methods of theApplication/FTP class:attach-agentstartstopattaches an Application/FTP object to an agent.start the Application/FTP by calling the TCP agent’s send(-1) function, which causes TCP tobehave as if the application were continuously sending new data.stop sending.produce n set the counter of packets to be sent to n.producemore n increase the counter of packets to be sent by n.send n similar to producemore, but sends n bytes instead of packets.Application/Telnet Application/Telnet objects generate packets in one of two ways. If the member variable interval_is non-zero, then inter-packet times are chosen from an exponential distribution with average equal to interval_. Ifinterval_ is zero, then inter-arrival times are chosen according to the tcplib distribution (see tcplib-telnet.cc). The startmethod starts the packet generation process.38.5 Applications objectsAn application object may be of two types, a traffic generator or a simulated application. Traffic generator objects generatetraffic and can be of four types, namely, exponential, pareto, CBR and traffic trace.Application/Traffic/Exponential objects Exponential traffic objects generate On/Off traffic. During "on" periods, packetsare generated at a constant burst rate. During "off" periods, no traffic is generated. Burst times and idle times are takenfrom exponential distributions. Configuration parameters are:338
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Page 301 and 302: Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Page 307 and 308: $ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Page 317 and 318: 36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
Page 319 and 320: same packet. The repair objet does
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Page 333 and 334: Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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Page 361 and 362: Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
Page 363 and 364: $w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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Page 367 and 368: HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
Page 369 and 370: 41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
Page 371 and 372: • HTTP response size (bytes)• s
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
Page 375 and 376: 42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
Page 377 and 378: Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
Page 379 and 380: Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
Page 381 and 382: set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
Page 383 and 384: Part VIIIEmulation382
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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