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UserInheritPLMTopologyInstantiatePLMPLM/nsPLMLayerPLMLayerPLMLayer/nsPLMLayer/nsAgent/LossMonitor/PLMAgent/LossMonitor/PLMPLMLossTracePLMLossTraceNumber of layersFigure 37.1: Inheritance and instantiation when we create a receiver.create-layer and, by this way, creates as many instances of the class PLMLayer/ns (the ns interface to the PLMLayerclass) as there are layers. Each instance of PLMLayer/ns creates an instance of the class PLMLossTrace which is reponsiblefor monitoring the received and lost packets thanks to the fact that the class PLMLossTrace inherits from the classAgent/LossMonitor/PLM. Fig. 37.1 schematically describes the process of a PLM receiver instantiation. In the following wedescribe the behavior of a PLM receiver when it receives a packet and when it detects a loss.37.3.3 Reception of a PacketWe create a new c++ class PLMLossMonitor (~ns/plm/loss-monitor-plm.cc) that inherits from LossMonitor. The OTcl classname of the c++ PLMLossMonitor class is Agent/LossMonitor/PLM.class PLMLossMonitor : public LossMonitorpublic:PLMLossMonitor();virtual void recv(Packet* pkt, Handler*);protected:// PLM onlyint flag_PP_;double packet_time_PP_;int fid_PP_;;static class PLMLossMonitorClass : public TclClasspublic:PLMLossMonitorClass() : TclClass("Agent/LossMonitor/PLM")TclObject* create(int, const char*const*)return (new PLMLossMonitor());class_loss_mon_plm;327
We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv(Packet* pkt, Handler*) a Tcl call to the Agent/LossMonitor/PLMinstproc log-PP each time a packet is received :void LossMonitor::recv(Packet* pkt, Handler*)...if (expected_ >= 0)...Tcl::instance().evalf("%s log-PP", name());The Agent/LossMonitor/PLM instproc log-PP is empty. In fact, we define the log-PP instproc for the classPLMLossTrace. log-PP computes an estimate of the available bandwidth based on a single PP burst (of lengthPP_burst_length in packets). Once log-PP has received the PP_burst_length packets of the burst, it computesthe estimate and calls the PLM instproc make_estimate with the computed estimate as argument.make_estimate puts the estimate based on a single PP (PP_value) in an array of estimate samples (PP_estimate).If PP_value is lower than the current subscription level (i.e. lower than the throughput achieved according to thecurrent number of layers subscribed), make_estimate calls the PLM instproc stability-drop which simplydrops layers until the current subscription level becomes lower than PP_value. make_estimate makes an estimatePP_estimate_value by taking the minimum PP_value received during the last check_estimate period(if there are at least PP_estimation_length single PP estimate received). Once make_estimate has aPP_estimate_value it calls the PLM instproc choose_layer which joins or drops layer(s) according to the currentsubscription level and to the PP_estimate_value. For details about the PLM instproc make_estimate, refer toits code in ~ns/tcl/plm/plm.tcl.37.3.4 Detection of a LossEach time a loss is detected by an instance of the class PLMLossMonitor, a call to the Agent/LossMonitor/PLM instproclog-loss is triggered. The Agent/LossMonitor/PLM instproc log-loss is empty. In fact, we define the log-lossinstproc for the class PLMLossTrace. The PLMLossTrace instproc log-loss simply calls the PLM instproc log-losswhich contains the PLM machinery in case of loss. In summary, log-loss only drops a layer when the loss rate exceeds10% (this test is executed by the PLM instproc exeed_loss_thresh). After a layer drop log-loss precludes any otherlayer drop due to loss for 500ms. For details about the PLM instproc log-loss, refer to its code in ~ns/tcl/plm/plm.tcl.37.3.5 Joining or Leaving a LayerTo join a layer the PLM instproc add-layer is called. This instproc calls the PLMLayer instproc join-group whichcalls the PLMLayer/ns instproc join-group. To leave a layer the PLM instproc drop-layer is called. This instproccalls the PLMLayer instproc leave-group which calls the PLMLayer/ns instproc leave-group.37.4 Commands at a GlanceNote: This section is a copy paste of the end of section 37.1. We add this section to preserve homogeneity with the ns manual.328
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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Page 281 and 282: $ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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Page 293 and 294: 34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Page 297 and 298: 34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Page 301 and 302: Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Page 319 and 320: same packet. The repair objet does
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Page 331 and 332: Part VIApplication330
Page 333 and 334: Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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Page 337 and 338: 1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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Page 341 and 342: Application FTP FTP objects produce
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Page 359 and 360: Object Type Event Type Explaination
Page 361 and 362: Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
Page 363 and 364: $w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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Page 367 and 368: HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
Page 369 and 370: 41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
Page 371 and 372: • HTTP response size (bytes)• s
Page 373 and 374: Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
Page 375 and 376: 42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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