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Agent/SRM/Adaptive set pdistance_ 15.0Agent/SRM set pdistance_ 10.0Agent/SRM set lastSent_ 8.345mAgent set ctrlLimit_ 1.44MAgent/SRM/Adaptive set running_ fTherefore, every new Agent/SRM/Adaptive object will have pdistance_ set to 15.0; lastSent_ is set to 8.345m fromthe setting of the class variable of the parent class; ctrlLimit_ is set to 1.44M using the class variable of the parent classtwice removed; running is set to false; the instance variable pdistance_ is not initialised, because no class variable existsin any of the class hierarchy of the interpreted object. In such instance, init-instvar{} will invoke warn-instvar{},to print out a warning about such a variable. The user can selectively override this procedure in their simulation scripts, toelide this warning.Note that the actual binding is done by instantiating objects in the class InstVar. Each object in the class InstVar binds onecompiled member variable to one interpreted member variable. A TclObject stores a list of InstVar objects corresponding toeach of its member variable that is bound in this fashion. The head of this list is stored in its member variable instvar_ ofthe TclObject.One last point to consider is that ns will guarantee that the actual values of the variable, both in the interpreted object and thecompiled object, will be identical at all times. However, if there are methods and other variables of the compiled object thattrack the value of this variable, they must be explicitly invoked or changed whenever the value of this variable is changed.This usually requires additional primitives that the user should invoke. One way of providing such primitives in ns is throughthe command() method described in the next section.3.4.3 Variable TracingIn addition to variable bindings, TclObject also supports tracing of both C++ and Tcl instance variables. A traced variablecan be created and configured either in C++ or Tcl. To establish variable tracing at the Tcl level, the variable must be visiblein Tcl, which means that it must be a bounded C++/Tcl or a pure Tcl instance variable. In addition, the object that ownsthe traced variable is also required to establish tracing using the Tcl trace method of TclObject. The first argument to thetrace method must be the name of the variable. The optional second argument specifies the trace object that is responsiblefor tracing that variable. If the trace object is not specified, the object that own the variable is responsible for tracing it.For a TclObject to trace variables, it must extend the C++ trace method that is virtually defined in TclObject. The Traceclass implements a simple trace method, thereby, it can act as a generic tracer for variables.class Trace : public Connector {...virtual void trace(TracedVar*);};Below is a simple example for setting up variable tracing in Tcl:# \$tcp tracing its own variable cwnd_\$tcp trace cwnd_# the variable ssthresh_ of \$tcp is traced by a generic \$tracerset tracer [new Trace/Var]\$tcp trace ssthresh_ \$tracer27
For a C++ variable to be traceable, it must belong to a class that derives from TracedVar. The virtual base class TracedVarkeeps track of the variable’s name, owner, and tracer. Classes that derives from TracedVar must implement the virtual methodvalue, that takes a character buffer as an argument and writes the value of the variable into that buffer.class TracedVar {...virtual char* value(char* buf) = 0;protected:TracedVar(const char* name);const char* name_; // name of the variableTclObject* owner_; // the object that owns this variableTclObject* tracer_; // callback when the variable is changed...};The TclCL library exports two classes of TracedVar: TracedInt and TracedDouble. These classes can be used inplace of the basic type int and double respectively. Both TracedInt and TracedDouble overload all the operators that canchange the value of the variable such as assignment, increment, and decrement. These overloaded operators use the assignmethod to assign the new value to the variable and call the tracer if the new value is different from the old one. TracedInt andTracedDouble also implement their value methods that output the value of the variable into string. The width and precisionof the output can be pre-specified.3.4.4 commandMethods: Definition and InvocationFor every TclObject that is created, ns establishes the instance procedure, cmd{}, as a hook to executing methods through thecompiled shadow object. The procedure cmd{} invokes the method command() of the shadow object automatically, passingthe arguments to cmd{} as an argument vector to the command() method.The user can invoke the cmd{} method in one of two ways: by explicitly invoking the procedure, specifying the desiredoperation as the first argument, or implicitly, as if there were an instance procedure of the same name as the desired operation.Most simulation scripts will use the latter form, hence, we will describe that mode of invocation first.Consider the that the distance computation in SRM is done by the compiled object; however, it is often used by the interpretedobject. It is usually invoked as:$srmObject distance? 〈agentAddress〉If there is no instance procedure called distance?, the interpreter will invoke the instance procedure unknown{}, definedin the base class TclObject. The unknown procedure then invokes$srmObject cmd distance? 〈agentAddress〉to execute the operation through the compiled object’s command() procedure.Ofcourse, the user could explicitly invoke the operation directly. One reason for this might be to overload the operation byusing an instance procedure of the same name. For example,Agent/SRM/Adaptive instproc distance? addr {28
Page 6 and 7: 18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
Page 8 and 9: 30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
Page 10 and 11: 38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
Page 12 and 13: X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
Page 14: # so, we lied. now, we define the t
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
Page 19 and 20: Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
Page 21 and 22: • if you can do what you want by
Page 23 and 24: • tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
Page 25 and 26: By convention in ns, the class Agen
Page 27: $object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
Page 31 and 32: 3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
Page 33 and 34: class Packet {......static int hdrl
Page 35 and 36: The actual arguments passed by the
Page 37 and 38: class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
Page 41 and 42: 4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
Page 43 and 44: 4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
Page 45 and 46: $ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
Page 47 and 48: NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
Page 49 and 50: The Node instance variable, entry_,
Page 51 and 52: The default values for all the abov
Page 53 and 54: The classify() method is pure virtu
Page 55 and 56: };The class imposes no direct seman
Page 57 and 58: flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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Page 63 and 64: $node neighborsThis returns the lis
Page 65 and 66: Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
Page 67 and 68: 6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
Page 69 and 70: $ns_ link-lossmodel This function
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
Page 73 and 74: }}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
Page 75 and 76: 7.3 Different types of Queue object
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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