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expandaddr{},allocaddr{} Class procedures for address management. expandaddr{} is now obsoleted.allocaddr{} allocates the next available multicast address.start-mcast{},stop-mcast{}notify-mcast{}getArbiter{}dump-routes{file-handle}new-group{s g iif code}join-group{a g}leave-group{a g}add-mfc{s g iif oiflist}To start and stop multicast routing at that node.notify-mcast{} signals the mrtObject at that node to recompute multicastroutes followinga topology change or unicast route update from a neighbour.returns a handle to mrtObject operating at that node.to dump the multicast forwarding tables at that node.When a multicast data packet is received, and the multicast classifier cannot find the slotcorresponding to that data packet, it invokes Node nstproc new-group{} to establishthe appropriate entry. The code indicates the reason for not finding the slot. Currentlythere are two possibilities, cache-miss and wrong-iif. This procedure notifies the arbiterinstance to establish the new group.An agent at a node that joins a particular group invokes “node join-group ”. The node signals the mrtObject to join the particular group,and adds agent to its list of agents at that group. It then adds agent to all replicatorsassociated with group.Node instproc leave-group reverses the process described earlier. It disablesthe outgoing interfaces to the receiver agents for all the replicators of the group, deletesthe receiver agents from the local Agents_ list; it then invokes the arbiter instance’sleave-group{}.Node instproc add-mfc adds a multicast forwarding cache entry for a particular〈source, group, iif〉. The mechanism is:• create a new replicator (if one does not already exist),• update the replicator_ instance variable array at the node,• add all outgoing interfaces and local agents to the appropriate replicator,• invoke the multicast classifier’s add-rep{} to create a slot for the replicator in themulticast classifier.del-mfc{s g oiflist}disables each oif in oiflist from the replicator for 〈s, g〉.The list of primitives accessible at the node to control its interfaces are listed below.267
add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}get-all-oifs{}get-all-iifs{}iif2link{ifid}link2iif{link}oif2link{oif}link2oif{link}rpf-nbr{src}Invoked during link creation to prep the node about its incoming interface label and outgoinginterface object.Returns all oifs for this node.Returns all iifs for this node.Returns the link object labelled with given interface label.Returns the incoming interface label for the given link.Returns the link object corresponding to the given outgoing interface.Returns the outgoing interface for the link (ns object that is incident to the node).Returns a handle to the neighbour node that is its next hop to the specified src.getReps{s g} Returns a handle to the replicator that matches 〈s, g〉. Either argument can be a wildcard (*).getReps-raw{s g} As above, but returns a list of 〈key, handle〉 pairs.clearReps{s g} Removes all replicators associated with 〈s, g〉.Class Link and SimpleLink This class provides methods to check the type of link, and the label it affixes on individualpackets that traverse it. There is one additional method to actually place the interface objects on this link. These methods are:if-label?{}returns the interface label affixed by this link to packets that traverse it.Class NetworkInterface This is a simple connector that is placed on each link. It affixes its label id to each packet thattraverses it. The packet id is used by the destination node incident on that link to identify the link by which the packet reachedit. The label id is configured by the Link constructor. This object is an internal object, and is not designed to be manipulatedby user level simulation scripts. The object only supports two methods:label{ifid}label{}assigns ifid that this object will affix to each packet.returns the label that this object affixes to each packet.The global class variable, ifacenum_, specifies the next available ifid number.Class Multicast Classifier Classifier/Multicast maintains a multicast forwarding cache. There is one multicastclassifier per node. The node stores a reference to this classifier in its instance variable multiclassifier_. When thisclassifier receives a packet, it looks at the 〈source, group〉 information in the packet headers, and the interface that the packetarrived from (the incoming interface or iif); does a lookup in the MFC and identifies the slot that should be used to forwardthat packet. The slot will point to the appropriate replicator.However, if the classifier does not have an entry for this 〈source, group〉, or the iif for this entry is different, it will invoke anupcall new-group{} for the classifier, with one of two codes to identify the problem:• cache-miss indicates that the classifier did not find any 〈source, group〉 entries;• wrong-iif indicates that the classifier found 〈source, group〉 entries, but none matching the interface that this packetarrived on.These upcalls to TCL give it a chance to correct the situation: install an appropriate MFC–entry (for cache-miss) orchange the incoming interface for the existing MFC–entry (for wrong-iif). The return value of the upcall determines whatclassifier will do with the packet. If the return value is “1”, it will assume that TCL upcall has appropriately modified MFC268
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
Page 223 and 224: set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
Page 233 and 234: The monitor-queue function is const
Page 235 and 236: also used to accumulate packet drop
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Page 239 and 240: PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
Page 241 and 242: The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
Page 243 and 244: $ns_ trace-all This is the command
Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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Page 249 and 250: Example: To enable debugging in Que
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g
Page 259 and 260: Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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Page 263 and 264: $ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
Page 265 and 266: Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
Page 267: and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
Page 271 and 272: CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
Page 273 and 274: $ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
Page 275 and 276: Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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Page 281 and 282: $ns_ rtmodel This command defines
Page 283 and 284: $ns set-address-format hierarchical
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Page 287 and 288: Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
Page 289 and 290: Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
Page 291 and 292: set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
Page 293 and 294: 34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Page 297 and 298: 34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
Page 299 and 300: Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
Page 301 and 302: Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Page 307 and 308: $ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
Page 309 and 310: Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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