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Chapter 30Multicast RoutingThis section describes the usage and the internals of multicast routing implementation in ns. We first describe the userinterface to enable multicast routing (Section 30.1), specify the multicast routing protocol to be used and the various methodsand configuration parameters specific to the protocols currently supported in ns. We then describe in detail the internals andthe architecture of the multicast routing implementation in ns (Section 30.2).The procedures and functions described in this chapter can be found in various files in the directories ~ns/tcl/mcast, ~ns/tcl/ctrmcast;additional support routines are in ~ns/mcast_ctrl.{cc,h}, ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl, and ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-node.tcl.30.1 Multicast APIMulticast forwarding requires enhancements to the nodes and links in the topology. Therefore, the user must specify multicastrequirements to the Simulator class before creating the topology. This is done in one of two ways:orset ns [new Simulator -multicast on]set ns [new Simulator]$ns multicastWhen multicast extensions are thus enabled, nodes will be created with additional classifiers and replicators for multicastforwarding, and links will contain elements to assign incoming interface labels to all packets entering a node.A multicast routing strategy is the mechanism by which the multicast distribution tree is computed in the simulation. nssupports three multiast route computation strategies: centralised, dense mode(DM) or shared tree mode(ST).The method mrtproto{} in the Class Simulator specifies either the route computation strategy, for centralised multicastrouting, or the specific detailed multicast routing protocol that should be used.The following are examples of valid invocations of multicast routing in ns:set cmc [$ns mrtproto CtrMcast]$ns mrtproto DM;# specify centralized multicast for all nodes;# cmc is the handle for multicast protocol object;# specify dense mode multicast for all nodes261
$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tree mode to run on all nodesNotice in the above examples that CtrMcast returns a handle that can be used for additional configuration of centralisedmulticast routing. The other routing protocols will return a null string. All the nodes in the topology will run instances of thesame protocol.Multiple multicast routing protocols can be run at a node, but in this case the user must specify which protocol owns whichincoming interface. For this finer control mrtproto-iifs{} is used.New/unused multicast address are allocated using the procedure allocaddr{}.The agents use the instance procedures join-group{} and leave-group{}, in the class Node to join and leave multicastgroups. These procedures take two mandatory arguments. The first argument identifies the corresponding agent and secondargument specifies the group address.An example of a relatively simple multicast configuration is:set ns [new Simulator -multicast on]set group [Node allocaddr]set node0 [$ns node]set node1 [$ns node]$ns duplex-link $node0 $node1 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail;# enable multicast routing;# allocate a multicast address;# create multicast capable nodesset mproto DM;# configure multicast protocolset mrthandle [$ns mrtproto $mproto] ;# all nodes will contain multicast protocol agentsset udp [new Agent/UDP] ;# create a source agent at node 0$ns attach-agent $node0 $udpset src [new Application/Traffic/CBR]$src attach-agent $udp$udp set dst_addr_ $group$udp set dst_port_ 0set rcvr [new Agent/LossMonitor] ;# create a receiver agent at node 1$ns attach-agent $node1 $rcvr$ns at 0.3 "$node1 join-group $rcvr $group" ;# join the group at simulation time 0.3 (sec)30.1.1 Multicast Behavior Monitor Configurationns supports a multicast monitor module that can trace user-defined packet activity. The module counts the number of packetsin transit periodically and prints the results to specified files. attach{} enables a monitor module to print output to a file.trace-topo{} insets monitor modules into all links. filter{} allows accounting on specified packet header, field inthe header), and value for the field). Calling filter{} repeatedly will result in an AND effect on the filtering condition.print-trace{} notifies the monitor module to begin dumping data. ptype() is a global arrary that takes a packet typename (as seen in trace-all{} output) and maps it into the corresponding value. A simple configuration to filter cbr packetson a particular group is:set mcastmonitor [new McastMonitor]set chan [open cbr.tr w]$mmonitor attach $chan1$mcastmonitor set period_ 0.02;# open trace file;# attach trace file to McastMoniotor object;# default 0.03 (sec)262
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214
Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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