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Chapter 28ns Code StylesWe recommend the following coding guidelines for ns28.1 Indentation style• We recommend using the BSD Kernel Normal Form coding style located athttp://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/sharesrc/share/misc/style?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup• Although KNF is specified for C, it also applies reasonably well to C++ and Tcl. Most of ns already follows KNF andit is also extensively used for the BSD and Linux kernels.• The high order bit is 8-space indents. Using 8-space indents avoid confusion about what a "tab" character represents. Adownside is it makes deeply nested looping structures hard to fit in 80 columns. (Some people consider this a feature.:-)28.2 Variable Naming Conventions• Instance variables of a class should all end in an underscore. This helps distinguish instance variables from global andlocal variables.• C++ and Tcl bound variables should have the same names This helps identify the bound variables quickly and reducescomplexity28.3 Miscellaneous• Avoid the use of C++ templates. Ns is supported on multiple platforms and templates are not very portable and areoften difficult to debug. Exception: This guideline has been relaxed for some imported code, but the core of ns shouldbuild and run without templates.• For NsObjects, use the debug_ instance variable to enable debugging functionality. This avoids repetitive definationsof debug statements and allows debugging a particular Nsobject without recompilation.247
Example: To enable debugging in Queue object include the following statement in your tcl script.Queue set debug_ trueDebugging statments can be inserted in the classes inheriting from Queue as follows:debug("This is a debug statement %d",variable_to_debug);All debugging statements are sent to stdout.• Error messages which cause the program to exit should be sent to stderr. All other messages should be sent to stdout248
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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Page 203 and 204: 21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
Page 205 and 206: the persistent queue length in the
Page 207 and 208: Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
Page 211 and 212: $ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214
Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
Page 219 and 220: 24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
Page 223 and 224: set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
Page 229 and 230: ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
Page 233 and 234: The monitor-queue function is const
Page 235 and 236: also used to accumulate packet drop
Page 237 and 238: }name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
Page 239 and 240: PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
Page 241 and 242: The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
Page 243 and 244: $ns_ trace-all This is the command
Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
Page 247: ... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g
Page 259 and 260: Global Actions Once the detailed ac
Page 261 and 262: This dumps next hop information in
Page 263 and 264: $ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
Page 265 and 266: Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
Page 267 and 268: and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
Page 269 and 270: add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
Page 271 and 272: CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
Page 273 and 274: $ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
Page 275 and 276: Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
Page 277 and 278: v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
Page 279 and 280: The first argument is the time at w
Page 281 and 282: $ns_ rtmodel This command defines
Page 283 and 284: $ns set-address-format hierarchical
Page 285 and 286: 32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
Page 289 and 290: Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
Page 291 and 292: set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
Page 293 and 294: 34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Page 297 and 298: 34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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