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voidFlowMon::fformat(Flow* f){double now = Scheduler::instance().clock();sprintf(wrk_, "%8.3f %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d%d",now,f->flowid(), // flowid0, // categoryf->ptype(), // type (from common header)f->flowid(), // flowid (formerly class)f->src(),f->dst(),f->parrivals(), // arrivals this flow (pkts)f->barrivals(), // arrivals this flow (bytes)f->epdrops(), // early drops this flow (pkts)f->ebdrops(), // early drops this flow (bytes)parrivals(), // all arrivals (pkts)barrivals(), // all arrivals (bytes)epdrops(), // total early drops (pkts)ebdrops(), // total early drops (bytes)pdrops(), // total drops (pkts)bdrops(), // total drops (bytes)f->pdrops(), // drops this flow (pkts) [includes edrops]f->bdrops() // drops this flow (bytes) [includes edrops]);};Most of the fields are explained in the code comments. The “category” is historical, but is used to maintain loose backwardcompatibilitywith the flow manager format in ns version 1.26.7.3 The Flow ClassThe class QueueMonitor/ED/Flow is used by the flow monitor for containing per-flow counters. As a subclass ofQueueMonitor, it inherits the standard counters for arrivals, departures, and drops, both in packets and bytes. In addition,because each flow is typically identified by some combination of the packet source, destination, and flow identifier fields,these objects contain such fields. Its OTcl interface contains only bound variables:src_dst_flowid_source address on packets for this flowdestination address on packets for this flowflow id on packets for this flowNote that packets may be mapped to flows (by classifiers) using criteria other than a src/dst/flowid triple. In such circumstances,only those fields actually used by the classifier in performing the packet-flow mapping should be considered reliable.26.8 Commands at a glanceFollowing is a list of trace related commands commonly used in simulation scripts:241
$ns_ trace-all This is the command used to setup tracing in ns. All traces are written in the .$ns_ namtrace-all This command sets up nam tracing in ns. All nam traces are written in to the .$ns_ namtrace-all-wireless This command sets up wireless nam tracing. and are the x-y co-ordinates for the wireless topology and allwireless nam traces are written into the .$ns_ nam-end-wireless This tells nam the simulation stop time given in .$ns_ trace-all-satlinks This is a method to trace satellite links and write traces into .$ns_ flush-traceThis command flushes the trace buffer and is typically called before the simulation run ends.$ns_ get-nam-traceallReturns the namtrace file descriptor stored as the Simulator instance variable called namtraceAllFile_.$ns_ get-ns-traceallSimilar to get-nam-traceall. This returns the file descriptor for ns tracefile which is stored as the Simulator instance calledtraceAllFile_.$ns_ create-trace This command creates a trace object of type between the and nodes. The traces are written into the. is the argument that may be used to specify the type of trace, like nam. if is not defined, the default traceobject created is for nstraces.$ns_ trace-queue This is a wrapper method for create-trace. This command creates a trace object for tracing events on the linkrepresented by the nodes and .$ns_ namtrace-queue This is used to create a trace object for namtracing on the link between nodes and . This method is very similar toand is the namtrace counterpart of method trace-queue.$ns_ drop-trace This command makes the given object a drop-target for the queue associated with the link between nodes and.$ns_ monitor-queue This sets up a monitor that keeps track of average queue length of the queue on the link between nodes and . Thedefault value of sampleinterval is 0.1.$link trace-dynamics Trace the dynamics of this link and write the output to fileID filehandle.ns is an instance of the Simulator or MultiSim object that was created to invoke the simulation.The tracefile format is backward compatible with the output files in the ns version 1 simulator so that ns-1 postprocessingscripts can still be used. Trace records of traffic for link objects with Enque, Deque, receive or Drop Tracing have thefollowing form: 242
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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Page 193 and 194: Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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Page 203 and 204: 21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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Page 207 and 208: Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
Page 211 and 212: $ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214
Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
Page 219 and 220: 24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
Page 223 and 224: set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
Page 229 and 230: ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
Page 233 and 234: The monitor-queue function is const
Page 235 and 236: also used to accumulate packet drop
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Page 239 and 240: PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
Page 241: The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
Page 247 and 248: ... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
Page 249 and 250: Example: To enable debugging in Que
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g
Page 259 and 260: Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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Page 263 and 264: $ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
Page 265 and 266: Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
Page 267 and 268: and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
Page 269 and 270: add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
Page 271 and 272: CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
Page 273 and 274: $ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
Page 275 and 276: Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
Page 277 and 278: v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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Page 281 and 282: $ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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