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Trace/HopTrace/EnqueTrace/DequeTrace/DropTrace/RecvSnoopQueue/InSnoopQueue/OutSnoopQueue/DropSnoopQueue/EDroptrace a “hop” (XXX what does this mean exactly; it is not really used XXX)a packet arrival (usually at a queue)a packet departure (usually at a queue)packet drop (packet delivered to drop-target)packet receive event at the destination node of a linkon input, collect a time/size sample (pass packet on)on output, collect a time/size sample (pass packet on)on drop, collect a time/size sample (pass packet on)on an "early" drop, collect a time/size sample (pass packet on)Objects of the following types are added in the simulation and a referenced by the objects listed above. They are used toaggregate statistics collected by the SnoopQueue objects:QueueMonitorQueueMonitor/EDQueueMonitor/ED/FlowmonQueueMonitor/ED/FlowQueueMonitor/Compatreceive and aggregate collected samples from snoopersqueue-monitor capable of distinguishing between “early” and standard packet dropsper-flow statistics monitor (manager)per-flow statistics containera replacement for a standard QueueMonitor when ns v1 compatibility is in use26.1.1 OTcl Helper FunctionsThe following helper functions may be used within simulation scripts to help in attaching trace elements (see ~ns/tcl/lib/nslib.tcl);they are instance procedures of the class Simulator:flush-trace {}create-trace { type file src dst }trace-queue { n1 n2 file }trace-callback{ ns command }monitor-queue { n1 n2 }drop-trace { n1 n2 trace }flush buffers for all trace objects in simulationcreate a trace object of type type between the given src and destnodes. If file is non-null, it is interpreted as a Tcl channel and isattached to the newly-created trace object. The procedure returnsthe handle to the newly created trace object.arrange for tracing on the link between nodes n1 and n2. This functioncalls create-trace, so the same rules apply with respect to the fileargument.arranges to call command when a line is to be traced. The proceduretreats command as a string and evaluates it for every line traced. See~ns/tcl/ex/callback_demo.tcl for additional details on usage.this function calls the init-monitor function on the link betweennodes n1 and n2.the given trace object is made the drop-target of the queue associatedwith the link between nodes n1 and n2.The create-trace{} procedure is used to create a new Trace object of the appropriate kind and attach an Tcl I/O channelto it (typically a file handle). The src_ and dst_ fields are are used by the underlying C++ object for producing the traceoutput file so that trace output can include the node addresses defining the endpoints of the link which is being traced. Notethat they are not used for matching. Specifically, these values in no way relate to the packet header src and dst fields, whichare also displayed when tracing. See the description of the Trace class below (Section 26.3).The trace-queue function enables Enque, Deque, and Drop tracing on the link between nodes n1 and n2. The Linktrace procedure is described below (Section 26.2).231
The monitor-queue function is constructed similarly to trace-queue. By calling the link’s init-monitor procedure,it arranges for the creation of objects (SnoopQueue and QueueMonitor objects) which can, in turn, be used toascertain time-aggregated queue statistics.The drop-trace function provides a way to specify a Queue’s drop target without having a direct handle of the queue.26.2 Library support and examplesThe Simulator procedures described above require the trace and init-monitor methods associated with the OTclLink class. Several subclasses of link are defined, the most common of which is called SimpleLink. Thus, the traceand init-monitor methods are actually part of the SimpleLink class rather than the Link base class. The tracefunction is defined as follows (in ns-link.tcl):## Build trace objects for this link and# update the object linkage#SimpleLink instproc trace { ns f } {$self instvar enqT_ deqT_ drpT_ queue_ link_ head_ fromNode_ toNode_$self instvar drophead_set enqT_ [$ns create-trace Enque $f $fromNode_ $toNode_]set deqT_ [$ns create-trace Deque $f $fromNode_ $toNode_]set drpT_ [$ns create-trace Drop $f $fromNode_ $toNode_]$drpT_ target [$drophead_ target]$drophead_ target $drpT_$queue_ drop-target $drpT_$deqT_ target [$queue_ target]$queue_ target $deqT_}if { [$head_ info class] == "networkinterface" } {$enqT_ target [$head_ target]$head_ target $enqT_# puts "head is i/f"} else {$enqT_ target $head_set head_ $enqT_# puts "head is not i/f"}This function establishes Enque, Deque, and Drop traces in the simulator $ns and directs their output to I/O handle $f.The function assumes a queue has been associated with the link. It operates by first creating three new trace objects andinserting the Enque object before the queue, the Deque object after the queue, and the Drop object between the queue andits previous drop target. Note that all trace output is directed to the same I/O handle.This function performs one other additional tasks. It checks to see if a link contains a network interface, and if so, leaves it asthe first object in the chain of objects in the link, but otherwise inserts the Enque object as the first one.232
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
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Packet info at "Application level"
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The main problem facing the wired-c
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target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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why: This avoids header clashes bet
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This command is used to create a Go
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Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
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in counter-rotating planes (where t
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• Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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Page 195 and 196: Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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Page 211 and 212: $ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214
Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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Page 231: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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Page 249 and 250: Example: To enable debugging in Que
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Page 263 and 264: $ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
Page 265 and 266: Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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Page 271 and 272: CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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Page 275 and 276: Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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