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1. If the packet is due to be transferred before the last bit of the last packet in the queue, its delta (the time betweentransferring the previous packet and transferring this packet) is set to the previous packet’s processing delay. Thispacket has to queue behind the previous packet, but will be ready to be transmitted as soon as the previous packet hascompleted its transfer.2. If the packet is due to be transferred after the last bit of the last packet in the queue, its delta is difference between thispacket’s transfer time and the previous packet’s transfer time.If the current packet is the only packet in the queue, DelayBox schedules a timer for the receipt of the packet. When this timerexpires, DelayBox will pass the packet on to the standard packet forwarder for processing. Once a packet has been passed up,DelayBox will look for the next packet in the queue to be processed and schedule a timer for its transfer. All packets, bothdata and ACKs, are delayed in this manner.Packets that should be dropped are neither queued nor passed on. All packets in a queue are from the same connection andare delayed the same amount (except for delays due to packet size) and are dropped with the same probability. Note: Dropsat DelayBox are not recorded in the trace-queue file.22.2 ExampleMore examples are available in the tcl/ex/delaybox/ directory of the ns source code. The validation script test-suite-delayboxis in tcl/test/ and can be run with the command test-all-delaybox from that directory.# test-delaybox.tcl - NS file transfer with DelayBox# setup nsremove-all-packet-headers;add-packet-header IP TCP;set ns [new Simulator];# removes all packet headers# adds TCP/IP headers# instantiate the simulatorglobal defaultRNG$defaultRNG seed 999# create nodesset n_src [$ns node]set db(0) [$ns DelayBox]set db(1) [$ns DelayBox]set n_sink [$ns node]# setup links$ns duplex-link $db(0) $db(1) 100Mb 1ms DropTail$ns duplex-link $n_src $db(0) 100Mb 1ms DropTail$ns duplex-link $n_sink $db(1) 100Mb 1ms DropTailset src [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp]set sink [new Agent/TCP/FullTcp]$src set fid_ 1$sink set fid_ 1# attach agents to nodes$ns attach-agent $n_src $src209
$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# make the connection$ns connect $src $sink$sink listen# create random variablesset recvr_delay [new RandomVariable/Uniform];$recvr_delay set min_ 1$recvr_delay set max_ 20set sender_delay [new RandomVariable/Uniform];$sender_delay set min_ 20$sender_delay set max_ 100set recvr_bw [new RandomVariable/Constant];$recvr_bw set val_ 100set sender_bw [new RandomVariable/Uniform];$sender_bw set min_ 1$sender_bw set max_ 20set loss_rate [new RandomVariable/Uniform];$loss_rate set min_ 0$loss_rate set max_ 0.01# delay 1-20 ms# delay 20-100 ms# bw 100 Mbps# bw 1-20 Mbps# loss 0-1% loss# setup rules for DelayBoxes$db(0) add-rule [$n_src id] [$n_sink id] $recvr_delay $loss_rate $recvr_bw$db(1) add-rule [$n_src id] [$n_sink id] $sender_delay $loss_rate $sender_bw# output delays to files$db(0) set-delay-file "db0.out"$db(1) set-delay-file "db1.out"# schedule traffic$ns at 0.5 "$src advance 10000"$ns at 1000.0 "$db(0) close-delay-file; $db(1) close-delay-file; exit 0"# start the simulation$ns run22.3 Commands at a GlanceThe following commands on the DelayBox class can be accessed from OTcl:[$ns DelayBox]Creates a new DelayBox node.$delaybox add-rule [] []Add a rule to the rule table, specifying delay, loss rate, and bottleneck link speed RandomVariables for packets flowing fromsrcNode to dstNode. Delay is required, but loss rate and link speed are optional.$delaybox list-rulesList all rules in the rule table210
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
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10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
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State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
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$agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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(void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
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* outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
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Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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method is now obsolete; its usage i
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Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
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the system’s memory allocator. In
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}incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
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Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
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SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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This is a simple example of how to
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Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
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};void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
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and the frame type. It then passes
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$ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
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14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
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Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
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entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
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16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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the hardware address of a packet’
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destined to itself to the port dmux
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switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
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Page 161 and 162: Packet info at "Application level"
Page 163 and 164: The main problem facing the wired-c
Page 165 and 166: target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
Page 167 and 168: why: This avoids header clashes bet
Page 169 and 170: This command is used to create a Go
Page 171 and 172: Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
Page 173 and 174: in counter-rotating planes (where t
Page 175 and 176: • Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
Page 177 and 178: $ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
Page 179 and 180: $satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
Page 181 and 182: This will add an error model to the
Page 183 and 184: lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
Page 185 and 186: from routing agentto Node->entrySat
Page 187 and 188: $satnode add-isl This method c
Page 189 and 190: set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
Page 191 and 192: 18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
Page 197 and 198: However if we have a large and dens
Page 199 and 200: yr application in the ns context. T
Page 201 and 202: value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
Page 203 and 204: 21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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Page 207 and 208: Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
Page 209: Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
Page 213 and 214: Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
Page 215 and 216: Part IIISupport214
Page 217 and 218: endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
Page 219 and 220: 24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
Page 223 and 224: set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
Page 225 and 226: }$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
Page 227 and 228: protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
Page 229 and 230: ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
Page 231 and 232: Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
Page 233 and 234: The monitor-queue function is const
Page 235 and 236: also used to accumulate packet drop
Page 237 and 238: }name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
Page 239 and 240: PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
Page 241 and 242: The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
Page 243 and 244: $ns_ trace-all This is the command
Page 245 and 246: Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
Page 247 and 248: ... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
Page 249 and 250: Example: To enable debugging in Que
Page 251 and 252: Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
Page 253 and 254: Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
Page 255 and 256: class RouteLogic This class defines
Page 257 and 258: — The procedure init-all{} is a g
Page 259 and 260: Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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