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#endifop,// s, r, D or fScheduler::instance().clock(), // time stampsrc_,// the nodeid for this node#ifdef LOG_POSITIONx, // x co-ordy, // y co-ord#endiftracename,// name of object type tracingwhy,// reason, if anych->uid(),// identifier for this eventpacket_info.name(ch->ptype()), // packet typech->size(),// size of cmn headermh->dh_duration, // expected time to send dataETHER_ADDR(mh->dh_da), // mac_destination addressETHER_ADDR(mh->dh_sa),// mac_sender addressGET_ETHER_TYPE(mh->dh_body)); // type - arp or IPIf the LOG_POSITION is defined the x and y co-ordinates for the mobilenode is also printed. The descriptions for differentfields in the mac trace are given in the comments above. For all IP packets additional IP header fields are also added to theabove trace. The IP trace is described below:sprintf(wrk_ + offset, "------- [%d:%d %d:%d %d %d] ",src,// IP src addressih->sport_, // src port numberdst,// IP dest addressih->dport_, // dest port numberih->ttl_, // TTL value(ch->next_hop_ < 0) ? 0 : ch->next_hop_); // next hopaddress, if any.An example of a trace for a tcp packet is as follows:r 160.093884945 _6_ RTR --- 5 tcp 1492 [a2 4 6 800] ------- [65536:0 16777984:0 31 16777984] [1 0] 2 0Here we see a TCP data packet being received by a node with id of 6. UID of this pkt is 5 with a cmn hdr size of 1492. The macdetails shows an IP pkt (ETHERTYPE_IP is defined as 0x0800, ETHERTYPE_ARP is 0x0806 ), mac-id of this receivingnode is 4. That of the sending node is 6 and expected time to send this data pkt over the wireless channel is a2 (hex2decconversion: 160+2 sec). Additionally, IP traces information about IP src and destination addresses. The src translates (usinga 3 level hier-address of 8/8/8) to a address string of 0.1.0 with port of 0. The dest address is 1.0.3 with port address of 0.The TTL value is 31 and the destination was a hop away from the src. Additionally TCP format prints information about tcpseqno of 1, ackno of 0. See other formats described in ~ns//cmu-trace.cc for DSR, UDP/MESSAGE, TCP/ACK and CBRpacket types.Other trace formats are also used by the routing agents (TORA and DSR) to log certain special routing events like "originating"(adding a SR header to a packet) or "ran off the end of a source route" indicating some sort of routing problem with the sourceroute etc. These special event traces begin with "S" for DSR and "T" for Tora and may be found in ~ns/tora/tora.cc for TORAand ~ns/dsr/dsrgent.cc for DSR routing agent.157
16.1.7 Revised format for wireless tracesIn an effort to merge wireless trace, using cmu-trace objects, with ns tracing, a new, inproved trace format has been introduced.This revised trace support is backwards compatible with the old trace formatting and can be enabled by the followingcommand:$ns use-newtraceThis command should be called before the universal trace command $ns trace-all . Primitive use-newtracesets up new format for wireless tracing by setting a simulator variable called newTraceFormat. Currently this new tracesupport is available for wireless simulations only and shall be extended to rest of ns in the near future.An example of the new trace format is shown below:s -t 0.267662078 -Hs 0 -Hd -1 -Ni 0 -Nx 5.00 -Ny 2.00 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl RTR -Nw --- -Ma 0 -Md 0 -Ms 0 -Mt 0 -Is 0.255 -Id -1.255 -Itmessage -Il 32 -If 0 -Ii 0 -Iv 32s -t 1.511681090 -Hs 1 -Hd -1 -Ni 1 -Nx 390.00 -Ny 385.00 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl RTR -Nw --- -Ma 0 -Md 0 -Ms 0 -Mt 0 -Is 1.255 -Id -1.255 -Itmessage -Il 32 -If 0 -Ii 1 -Iv 32s -t 10.000000000 -Hs 0 -Hd -2 -Ni 0 -Nx 5.00 -Ny 2.00 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl AGT -Nw --- -Ma 0 -Md 0 -Ms 0 -Mt 0 -Is 0.0 -Id 1.0 -It tcp -Il 1000 -If2 -Ii 2 -Iv 32 -Pn tcp -Ps 0 -Pa 0 -Pf 0 -Po 0r -t 10.000000000 -Hs 0 -Hd -2 -Ni 0 -Nx 5.00 -Ny 2.00 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl RTR -Nw --- -Ma 0 -Md 0 -Ms 0 -Mt 0 -Is 0.0 -Id 1.0 -It tcp -Il 1000 -If2 -Ii 2 -Iv 32 -Pn tcp -Ps 0 -Pa 0 -Pf 0 -Po 0r -t 100.004776054 -Hs 1 -Hd 1 -Ni 1 -Nx 25.05 -Ny 20.05 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl AGT -Nw --- -Ma a2 -Md 1 -Ms 0 -Mt 800 -Is 0.0 -Id 1.0 -Ittcp -Il 1020 -If 2 -Ii 21 -Iv 32 -Pn tcp -Ps 0 -Pa 0 -Pf 1 -Po 0s -t 100.004776054 -Hs 1 -Hd -2 -Ni 1 -Nx 25.05 -Ny 20.05 -Nz 0.00 -Ne-1.000000 -Nl AGT -Nw --- -Ma 0 -Md 0 -Ms 0 -Mt 0 -Is 1.0 -Id 0.0 -It ack -Il 40-If 2 -Ii 22 -Iv 32 -Pn tcp -Ps 0 -Pa 0 -Pf 0 -Po 0Explanation of new trace formatThe new trace format as seen above can be can be divided into the following fields :Event type In the traces above, the first field (as in the older trace format) describes the type of event taking place at the nodeand can be one of the four types:s sendr received dropf forwardGeneral tag The second field starting with "-t" may stand for time or global setting-t time-t * (global setting)158
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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The following command adds an entry
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$qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
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Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
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}bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
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hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
Page 107 and 108: 10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
Page 119 and 120: method is now obsolete; its usage i
Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In
Page 125 and 126: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
Page 129 and 130: SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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Page 133 and 134: Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
Page 135 and 136: };void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
Page 137 and 138: and the frame type. It then passes
Page 139 and 140: $ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
Page 141 and 142: 14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
Page 143 and 144: 15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
Page 147 and 148: entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
Page 149 and 150: 16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
Page 151 and 152: set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
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Page 155 and 156: destined to itself to the port dmux
Page 157: switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
Page 161 and 162: Packet info at "Application level"
Page 163 and 164: The main problem facing the wired-c
Page 165 and 166: target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
Page 167 and 168: why: This avoids header clashes bet
Page 169 and 170: This command is used to create a Go
Page 171 and 172: Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
Page 173 and 174: in counter-rotating planes (where t
Page 175 and 176: • Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
Page 177 and 178: $ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
Page 179 and 180: $satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
Page 181 and 182: This will add an error model to the
Page 183 and 184: lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
Page 185 and 186: from routing agentto Node->entrySat
Page 187 and 188: $satnode add-isl This method c
Page 189 and 190: set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
Page 191 and 192: 18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
Page 197 and 198: However if we have a large and dens
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Page 203 and 204: 21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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