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15.5 Errors in setting address formatErrors are returned for both set-address-format and expand-port-field-bits primitives in the following cases:* if number of bits specified is less than 0. * if bit positions clash (contiguous number of requested free bits not *found). * if total number of bits exceed MAXADDRSIZE_. * if expand-port-field-bits is attempted with portbitsless than or * equal to the existing portsize. * if number of hierarchy levels donot match with number of bits *specified (for each level).15.6 Commands at a glanceThe following is a list of address-format related commands used in simulation scripts:$ns_ set-address-format defThis command is used internally to set the address format to its default value of 32 lower bits for port-id, 1 higher bit formcast and the rest 31 higher bits for node-id. However this API has been replaced by the new node API$ns_ node-config -addressType flat.$ns_ set-address-format hierarchicalThis command is used to set the address format to the hierarchical configuration that consists of 3 levels with 8bits assignedto each level and 32 lower bits for port-id. However this API has been replaced by the new node API$ns_ node-config -addressType hierarchical.$ns_ set-address-format hierarchical This command is used to set the address format to a specific hierarchical setting. The indicate the number of levelsof hierarchy in the addressing structure, while the args define number of bits for each level. An example would be $ns_set-address-format hierachical 3 4 4 16 , where 4, 4 and 16 defines the number of bits to be used for theaddress space in level 1 , 2 and 3 respectively.$ns_ set-address-format expandedTHIS COMMAND IS NOW OBSOLETE This command was used to expand the address space to 30 bits, allocating 22higher bits for node-id and lower 8 bits for port-id. However this command is obsoleted now by 32 bit addressing, i.enode-id field is 32 bit wide.expand-port-field-bits THIS COMMAND IS NOW OBSOLETE Similar to the command above, this was used to expand the address space for theport-id field to number of bits. However this command is obsolete now that the ports are 32 bit wide.143
Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsThis chapter describes the wireless model that was originally ported as CMU’s Monarch group’s mobility extension to ns.This chapter consists of two sections and several subsections. The first section covers the original mobility model ported fromCMU/Monarch group. In this section, we cover the internals of a mobilenode, routing mechanisms and network componentsthat are used to construct the network stack for a mobilenode. The components that are covered briefly are Channel, Networkinterface,Radio propagation model, MAC protocols, Interface Queue, Link layer and Address resolution protocol model(ARP). CMU trace support and Generation of node movement and traffic scenario files are also covered in this section. Theoriginal CMU model allows simulation of pure wireless LANs or multihop ad-hoc networks. Further extensions were made tothis model to allow combined simulation of wired and wireless networks. MobileIP was also extended to the wireless model.These are discussed in the second section of this chapter.16.1 The basic wireless model in nsThe wireless model essentially consists of the MobileNode at the core,with additional supporting features that allows simulationsof multi-hop ad-hoc networks, wireless LANs etc. The MobileNode object is a split object. The C++ classMobileNode is derived from parent class Node. Refer to Chapter 5 for details on Node. A MobileNode thus is thebasic Node object with added functionalities of a wireless and mobile node like ability to move within a given topology,ability to receive and transmit signals to and from a wireless channel etc. A major difference between them, though, is thata MobileNode is not connected by means of Links to other nodes or mobilenodes. In this section we shall describe theinternals of MobileNode, its routing mechanisms, the routing protocols dsdv, aodv, tora and dsr, creation of network stackallowing channel access in MobileNode, brief description of each stack component, trace support and movement/trafficscenario generation for wireless simulations.16.1.1 Mobilenode: creating wireless topologyMobileNode is the basic nsNode object with added functionalities like movement, ability to transmit and receive on a channelthat allows it to be used to create mobile, wireless simulation environments. The class MobileNode is derived from thebase class Node. MobileNode is a split object. The mobility features including node movement, periodic position updates,maintaining topology boundary etc are implemented in C++ while plumbing of network components within MobileNodeitself (like classifiers, dmux , LL, Mac, Channel etc) have been implemented in Otcl. The functions and procedures describedin this subsection can be found in ~ns/mobilenode.{cc,h}, ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-mobilenode.tcl, ~ns/tcl/mobility/dsdv.tcl,~ns/tcl/mobility/dsr.tcl, ~ns/tcl/mobility/tora.tcl. Example scripts can be found in ~ns/tcl/ex/wireless-test.tcl and ~ns/tcl/ex/wireless.tcl.144
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
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7.3 Different types of Queue object
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maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
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dst_ The destination address of pac
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7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
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mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
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Demarker objects$q trace-file This
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The recv() method overrides the bas
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9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
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Average sending rateTSW window leng
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Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
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Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
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Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
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Page 115 and 116: * outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
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Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In
Page 125 and 126: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter d
Page 129 and 130: SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
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Page 133 and 134: Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
Page 135 and 136: };void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
Page 137 and 138: and the frame type. It then passes
Page 139 and 140: $ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
Page 141 and 142: 14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
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Page 149 and 150: 16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
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Page 161 and 162: Packet info at "Application level"
Page 163 and 164: The main problem facing the wired-c
Page 165 and 166: target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
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Page 171 and 172: Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
Page 173 and 174: in counter-rotating planes (where t
Page 175 and 176: • Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
Page 177 and 178: $ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
Page 179 and 180: $satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
Page 181 and 182: This will add an error model to the
Page 183 and 184: lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
Page 185 and 186: from routing agentto Node->entrySat
Page 187 and 188: $satnode add-isl This method c
Page 189 and 190: set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
Page 191 and 192: 18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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