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emove-packet-header operates in the same syntax, but it removes the specified headers from your simulation; noticethat it does not remove the common header even it is instructed to do so.remove-all-packet-headers is a global Tcl proc. It takes no argument and removes all packet headers, except thecommon header, from your simulation. add-all-packet-headers is its counterpart.125
Chapter 13Error ModelThis chapter describes the implementation and configuration of error models, which introduces packet losses into a simulation.In addition to the basic class ErrorModel described in details below, there are several other types of error modules not beingcompletely documented yet, which include:• SRMErrorModel, PGMErrorModel: error model for SRM and PGM.• ErrorModel/Trace: error model that reads a loss trace (instead of a math/computed model)• MrouteErrorModel: error model for multicast routing, now inherits from trace.• ErrorModel/Periodic: models periodic packet drops (drop every nth packet we see). This model can be convenientlycombined with a flow-based classifier to achieve drops in particular flows• SelectErrorModel: for Selective packet drop.• ErrorModel/TwoState: Two-State: error-free and error• ErrorModel/TwoStateMarkov, ErrorModel/Expo, ErrorModel/Empirical: inerit from ErrorModel/TwoState.• ErrorModel/List: specify a list of packets/bytes to drop, which could be in any order.Their definitions can be found in ~ns/queue/errmodel.{cc, h} and ~ns/tcl/lib/ns-errmodel.tcl, ns-default.tcl.13.1 ImplementationThe procedures and functions described in this section can be found in ~ns/errmodel.{cc, h}.Error model simulates link-level errors or loss by either marking the packet’s error flag or dumping the packet to a droptarget. In simulations, errors can be generated from a simple model such as the packet error rate, or from more complicatedstatistical and empirical models. To support a wide variety of models, the unit of error can be specified in term of packet, bits,or time-based.The ErrorModel class is derived from the Connector base class. As the result, it inherits some methods for hooking upobjects such as target and drop-target. If the drop target exists, it will received corrupted packets from ErrorModel.126
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18 Radio Propagation Models 17718.1
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30 Multicast Routing 25130.1 Multic
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38.2.5 An example . . . . . . . . .
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X Other 40347 Educational use of NS
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# so, we lied. now, we define the t
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Chapter 2Undocumented FacilitiesNs
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Part IInterface to the Interpreter1
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• if you can do what you want by
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• tcl.result(const char* s)Pass t
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By convention in ns, the class Agen
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$object set bwvar 1500kb$object set
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For a C++ variable to be traceable,
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3.5 Class TclClassThis compiled cla
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class Packet {......static int hdrl
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The actual arguments passed by the
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class TclClass (Section 3.5) define
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Chapter 4The Class SimulatorThe ove
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4.2.2 the heap schedulerThe heap sc
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4.4 Commands at a glanceSynopsis:ns
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$ns_ dumpqCommand for dumping event
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NODEPortClassifierAgentAgentAddrCla
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The Node instance variable, entry_,
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The default values for all the abov
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The classify() method is pure virtu
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};The class imposes no direct seman
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flow-specific queuing disciplines a
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5.5 Routing Module and Classifier O
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Module NameRtModule/BaseRtModule/Mc
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$node neighborsThis returns the lis
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Linkhead_enqT_queue_ deqT_ link_ tt
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6.2 ConnectorsConnectors, unlink cl
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$ns_ link-lossmodel This function
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Chapter 7Queue Management and Packe
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}}}void Queue::resume(){Packet* p =
Page 75 and 76: 7.3 Different types of Queue object
Page 77 and 78: maxidle_ is the maximum amount of t
Page 79 and 80: dst_ The destination address of pac
Page 81 and 82: 7.5.2 ConfigurationRunning a JoBS s
Page 83 and 84: mean_pkt_size_ Used to set the expe
Page 85 and 86: Demarker objects$q trace-file This
Page 87 and 88: The recv() method overrides the bas
Page 89 and 90: 9.2 ImplementationThe procedures an
Page 91 and 92: Average sending rateTSW window leng
Page 93 and 94: The following command adds an entry
Page 95 and 96: $qCE configQ 0 1 10 20 0.10Note tha
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 10AgentsAgents represent en
Page 99 and 100: CtrMcast/EncapCtrMcast/DecapMessage
Page 101 and 102: }bind("windowOption_", &wnd_option_
Page 103 and 104: hdr_flags* nf = (hdr_flags*)npkt->a
Page 105 and 106: public:ECHO_Timer(ECHO_Agent *a) :
Page 107 and 108: 10.6.4 Using the agent through OTcl
Page 109 and 110: State Variables are:dupacks_ Number
Page 111 and 112: $agent attach-tbf Attaches a token
Page 113 and 114: (void)Scheduler::instance().schedul
Page 115 and 116: * outstanding, cancel it.*/void Tcp
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 12Packet Headers and Format
Page 119 and 120: method is now obsolete; its usage i
Page 121 and 122: Packethdrsize_next_bits()points to
Page 123 and 124: the system’s memory allocator. In
Page 125: }incr hdrlen_ $incrreturn $baseFrom
Page 129 and 130: SimpleLink::errormodule argsSimulat
Page 131 and 132: This is a simple example of how to
Page 133 and 134: Higher LayersNode 1Node 2. . .Node
Page 135 and 136: };void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);vi
Page 137 and 138: and the frame type. It then passes
Page 139 and 140: $ll_ set delay_ $delay$ll_ set band
Page 141 and 142: 14.10 Commands at a glanceThe follo
Page 143 and 144: 15.2.1 Default Hierarchical Setting
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 16Mobile Networking in nsTh
Page 147 and 148: entry_addrdemuxIP addressdefaulttar
Page 149 and 150: 16.1.2 Creating Node movementsThe m
Page 151 and 152: set netif $netif_($t)set mac $mac_(
Page 153 and 154: the hardware address of a packet’
Page 155 and 156: destined to itself to the port dmux
Page 157 and 158: switch(ch->ptype()) {case PT_MAC:br
Page 159 and 160: 16.1.7 Revised format for wireless
Page 161 and 162: Packet info at "Application level"
Page 163 and 164: The main problem facing the wired-c
Page 165 and 166: target_target_encapsulatorreg_agent
Page 167 and 168: why: This avoids header clashes bet
Page 169 and 170: This command is used to create a Go
Page 171 and 172: Chapter 17Satellite Networking in n
Page 173 and 174: in counter-rotating planes (where t
Page 175 and 176: • Position/Sat/Geo A geostationar
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$ns add-isl $ltype $node1 $node2 $b
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$satrouteobject_ compute_routeswher
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This will add an error model to the
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lh_firstnameobj‘‘name’’ is
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from routing agentto Node->entrySat
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$satnode add-isl This method c
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set prop [new Propagation/FreeSpace
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18.3.2 Using shadowing modelBefore
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Chapter 19Energy Model in nsEnergy
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Chapter 20Directed DiffusionThe dir
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However if we have a large and dens
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yr application in the ns context. T
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value of opt(pre-stop) is usually t
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21.2 Implementation of XCP in NSIn
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the persistent queue length in the
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Thruput2 0.054024 60000residue_pos_
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Chapter 22DelayBox: Per-Flow Delay
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$ns attach-agent $n_sink $sink# mak
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Chapter 23Changes made to the IEEE
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Part IIISupport214
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endenddocument pargvcPrint out argc
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24.4.2 Memory Conservation TipsSome
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Chapter 25Mathematical SupportThe s
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set run [lindex $argv 0]}if {$run <
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}$sizeRNG next-substream# print the
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protected:RNG* rng_;};Classes deriv
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ns-random is implemented in ~ns/mis
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Chapter 26Trace and Monitoring Supp
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The monitor-queue function is const
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also used to accumulate packet drop
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}name,th->size(),flags,iph->flowid(
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PT_TORA,PT_DSR,PT_AODV,// insert ne
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The QueueMonitor class is not deriv
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$ns_ trace-all This is the command
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Chapter 27Test Suite SupportThe ns
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... ...}$ns_ at $opt(stop).1 "$self
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Example: To enable debugging in Que
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Chapter 29Unicast RoutingThis secti
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Asymmetric Routing Asymmetric routi
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class RouteLogic This class defines
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— The procedure init-all{} is a g
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Global Actions Once the detailed ac
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This dumps next hop information in
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$ns mrtproto ST;# specify shared tr
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Dense Mode The Dense Mode protocol
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and unique label (id). Thus, “inc
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add-iif{ifid link},add-oif{link if}
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CtrMcastComp is the centralised mul
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$ns_ mrtproto This command specifi
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Chapter 31Network DynamicsThis chap
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v 0.8123 link-up 3 5v 0.8123 link-u
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The first argument is the time at w
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$ns_ rtmodel This command defines
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$ns set-address-format hierarchical
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32.4 Hierarchical Routing with Sess
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Chapter 33UDP Agents33.1 UDP Agents
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Chapter 34TCP AgentsThis section de
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set ns [new Simulator]set node1 [$n
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34.2.1 The Base TCP SinkThe base TC
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Agent/TCP/FullTcp set dupseg_fix_ t
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34.5 Tracing TCP DynamicsThe behavi
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Chapter 35SCTP AgentsThis chapter d
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Figure 35.1: Example of a Multihome
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Note: the actual value of these tra
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1.526624 1 4 sctp 1500 -------D 0 1
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$ns at 5.0 "finish"$ns run35.5.2 Mu
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Chapter 36Agent/SRMThis chapter des
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36.1.2 Other Configuration Paramete
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3.6274 n 0 m r 1 type repair servi
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3.6029 n 3 m r 2 Q NTIMER at 3.730
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36.4 Loss Detection—The Class SRM
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same packet. The repair objet does
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}hdr_asrm* seh = (hdr_asrm*) p->acc
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set grp [Node allocaddr]$srm set ds
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#set up the multicast routingDM set
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37.3 Architecture of the PLM Protoc
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We add in void PLMLossMonitor::recv
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Part VIApplication330
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Traffic generatorsApplication/Traff
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• recv(int nbytes)—Announces th
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1. EXPOO_Traffic—generates traffi
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set src [new Agent/UDP]set sink [ne
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Application FTP FTP objects produce
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send_data(ADU)Application(HttpApp,
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39.1.4 Transmitting user data over
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and teardown of connections. Only O
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TclObjectPagePoolPagePool/CompMathP
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PagePool/ProxyTrace takes these two
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}int id_; // object IDWebTrafSessio
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An Http/Server object waits for inc
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set tmp [new RandomVariable/Exponen
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Object Type Event Type Explaination
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Chapter 40Worm ModelIn this chapter
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$w local-p 0.5Following are some co
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(nsnode) clientcloudPackM ime(nsnod
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HTTP responsesclients servers Delay
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41.5 Commands at a GlanceThe follow
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• HTTP response size (bytes)• s
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Chapter 42Session-level Packet Dist
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42.1.2 Inserting a Loss ModuleWhen
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Delay and Loss Modules Each receive
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Chapter 43Asim: approximate analyti
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set n(1) [$ns node]set link(0:1) [$
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Part VIIIEmulation382
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When using the emulation mode, a sp
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set intf [$pf1 open readonly]puts "
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puts "install nets into taps..."$a0
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Chapter 45Nam45.1 IntroductionNam i
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• Button 6 (Chevron logo) - Close
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Second, when dealing with randomly
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dst_portaddr,seqno,flags,sname);A n
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• up• down• right• left•
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46.1.7 Agent TracingAgent trace eve
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v -t 1.0 -e node_tclscript 2 "Echo
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If nam ever gets to the end of an e
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l :link-t time-s source id-d des
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E :D :P :a :session enqueue-t time
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v :V :N :W :g :A :c :q :execute tcl
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$ns duplex-link-op orient right$ns
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Chapter 47Educational use of NS and
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Bibliography[1] C. Alaettinoğlu, A
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