Smart Grid Solutions Guide - Maxim

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Smart metersRecommended solutionsRecommended solutions (continued)DC-DC convertersPart Description Features BenefitsMAX1725/2612V, ultra-low-IQ, low-dropout linearregulators20mA output; 2µA quiescent current acrossoperating range and in dropout; reverse-batteryprotectionLow-power operation conserves battery lifeMAX15062*36V, 300mA DC-DC regulator withintegrated FETs in 2mm x 2mm TDFNLow quiescent current; internal compensation;synchronous operation; pulse-skip mode for lightloadsHigh integration with small footprint savesup to 50% total board area compared tocompeting solutionsTransformer driversMAX2563W, primary-side transformer H-bridgedriver for isolated suppliesProvides up to 3W to the transformer in isolatedpower suppliesSaves board area; reduces design complexity;makes it easy to implement isolated powerMAX2531W, primary-side transformer H-bridgedriver for isolated suppliesSpecifically designed to provide isolated power foran isolated RS-485 or RS-232 data interfaceSaves board area; reduces design complexity;makes it easy to implement isolated powerHall-effect sensorsMAX9639*/40* Low-power, single Hall-effect sensors Adjustable magnetic thresholds (MAX9639)simplify system design; ultra-low 2.6µA supplycurrentProvide simple open/close detection whilesaving powerSupervisorsMAX6854–69Supervisory circuits with manual reset andwatchdog timerUltra-low 170nA (typ) supply currentLow-power operation decreases drain onbatteryMAX16056–59Supervisory circuits with capacitoradjustablereset and watchdog timeoutsUltra-low 125nA (typ) supply currentLow-power operation decreases drain onbatteryVoltage referencesMAX6161–68Precision, micropower, low-dropout, highoutput-currentvoltage references in an8-pin SO package±2mV (max) initial accuracy; 5ppm/°C (max)temperature coefficientImprove system precision; reduce componentcount and board spaceFor a list of Maxim's recommended smart meter solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/smartmeter.*Future product—contact the factory for availability.12 Maxim Smart Grid Solutions
Power-grid monitoringOverviewPower-grid monitoringOverviewAdvanced power-grid monitoringsystems combine power-supplymonitoring, load-balancing, protection,and metering functions toenable safe and efficient powerdelivery. They also reduce operationand maintenance costs for utilities.These systems protect transformers,circuit breakers, and other equipmentat substations; they enable predictivemaintenance by detecting andresponding to fault conditions; theydynamically balance loads toconserve energy; and they monitorand control power quality. Theseadvanced capabilities are critical toensuring uninterrupted powerdelivery and supporting intelligentgrid-management applications.Accuracy requirementsThe rollout of advanced power-gridmonitoring systems is complicated bythe varying international standardsthat specify the accuracy requiredfor energy measurement. Real-timepower-delivery monitoring, faultdetection, fault protection, anddynamic load balancing requirestringent accuracy. As an example,the European Union IEC 62053standard for Class 0.2 equipmentrequires measurement precision tobe 0.2% of the nominal current andvoltage. For power-factor measurementaccuracy, sample-time phasematching should be 0.1% or better.Polyphase measurementsPower companies distribute threephase(polyphase) power using a“wye” connection. The term wyerefers to the arrangement of threetransformer windings that join ata common point, the junction ofthe Y. The line voltages are offsetin phase from each other by 120°,one-third of a cycle. If loads on eachof the three phases are equal, thesystem is balanced and no currentflows through the neutral line. Afourth, neutral, wire connects to thejunction of the wye. It accommodatesimbalanced loads across theline connections.Power-grid monitoring systems trackthe voltage and current on multiplephases with ADCs. The convertersmust be synchronized in order tomeet stringent standards requirementsand to accurately measurepower factor. In a typical scheme,each phase’s power parameters aremeasured with a current transformer(CT) and a voltage transformer (VT).The complete system comprises foursuch pairs: one pair for each of thethree phases, plus a neutral pair. TheADCs simultaneously measure thethree phases and neutral voltagesand currents. The active, reactive,apparent-energy, and power-factorparameters can be calculated fromthe sampled data, often by a DSP.International and local standardsalso dictate the necessary samplerate. These applications typicallyrequire accurate, simultaneous multichannelmeasurement over a widedynamic range of 90dB or better witha sample rate of 16ksps or higher.These capabilities enable analysis ofmultiple harmonics of the AC supplyPT/CTTRANSFORMERSOPAMPACTIVEFILTEROPTIONALVOLTAGEREFERENCEµPSUPERVISORTEMPSENSOROPTIONALMULTICHANNELADCRTC WITHNV RAMµCUARTTOCOMMUNICATIONSBLOCK(SEE pp. 25-40)OPAMPOPTIONALACTIVEFILTERDIGITALPOTENTIOMETEROPTIONALDACTOUCH-SCREENCONTROLLERPOWERMANAGEMENTOPTIONALMAXIMSOLUTIONBlock diagram of a typical power-grid monitoring system. For a list of Maxim's recommended power-grid monitoring solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/grid-monitoring.www.maxim-ic.com/smartgrid 13
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