Figure 6. Electrophoretic bands after PCR with gene specific primer. cDNA analysis with RFPD lesser bands then the cultivations of higher altitudes of Purera (Figure 6). Again the total photosynthesis, saccarides formation, and total oil production was 2 folds much higher than the plain cultivations (Table 1). The same production of menthofuron was obtained in the higher cultivation of peppermints. Further, CD values indicated significant differences at p
1988 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Table 1. Effect of M. pipeperita cultivation on growth parameters. Harvesting Growth attribute Plane side Hill side LSD LSD 1 st Harvest 2 nd Harvest 3 rd Harvest 4 th Harvest 5 th Harvest 6 th Harvest At 5% At 1% Plant height (cm) 57.0 58.0 61.0* 63.4** 64.1** 59.0 2.5 4.1 No. of branches 9 10* 13** 10* 10* 8 1.1 3.2 Fresh mass (g plant -1 ) 218.8 238.6* 224.8 282.5** 215.5** 196.2 11.1 16.3 Dry mass (g plant -1 ) 14.11 16.33* 16.81* 19.36** 18.46** 15.85 2.10 3.30 Leaf area (cm 2 ) 8.2 12.1* 25.2** 40.3** 37.2** 11.2 3.5 6.2 Chl a (g kg -1 (FM)) 0.68 0.79* 0.94** 1.48** 1.01** 0.82* 0.11 0.15 Chl b (g kg -1 (FM)) 0.50 0.56 0.61* 0.79** 0.40 0.29 0.08 0.12 Chl a/b 1.36 1.41 1.54 1.87 2.53 2.83 - - PN (μg(CO2) m -2 s -1 ) 0.15 0.19* 0.75** 0.82** 0.71** 0.42** 0.03 0.06 Saccharides (μg (CH2O) m -2 s -1 ) 0.102 0.129 0.510 0.558 0.483 0.286 - - Oil % 0.35 0.36 0.47* 0.56** 0.46 0.47 0.02 0.04 Menthone % of total oil 21 27** 27** 25** 38** 37** 0.01 Menthol % of total oil 0.59 59 67** 67** 69** 69** 0.01 Menthofuron % of total oil 5 10** 9.** 19** 18** 17** 0.04 Fe (mg kg -1 ) 98 112 142** 537** 419** 312** 21 Mn (mg kg -1 ) 26 37** 41** 98** 62** 53** 9 Zn (mg kg -1 ) 12 19* 34** 64** 41** 36** 7 Cu (mg kg -1 ) 7 9 11** 12** 7 5 3 Chl, Chlorophyll; PN, net photosynthetic rate; oil amounts in % of total oil. * and **, Values are significant at P=0.05 and P=0.01 levels, respectively. possible source. Further, these enzymatic alterations could provide adaptive advantage to plant in order to conserve carbon at high elevation. The high total oil contents, menthofuron at higher altitude cropping of peppermints at Purera leads to value addition. This higher menthofurn enrich plants at higher altitude than the plains, leads to control of dangerous smoking and as a good reliever to smoker if added into the candies. Further, it is highly available in candies of states, which have menthofuron as an additive in candies. REFERENCES Arnon DI (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphe¬noloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol., 24: 1-15. Bahar N (2002). Studies on morphological biomass and root characters of Rumex nepalensis Spreng., in temperate regions of Himalayas. Indian Forester, 128: 707-708. Billings WD, Clebsch EEC, Mooney HA (1961). Effects of low concentrations of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis rates of two races of Oxyria. Science, 133: 1834. Chabot BF, Chabot JF, Billings WD (1972). Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase activity in arctic and alpine populations of Oxyria digyna. Photosynthetica, 6: 364-369. Clements FE, Martin EV, Long FL (1950). Adaptation and Origin in Plant World. The Role of the Environment in Evolution. – Chronica Botanica, Waltham . Clevenger JF (1928). Apparatus for determination of essential oils. J. Am. Pharmac. Assoc., 17: 346. Cordell S, Goldstein G, Mueller-Dombois D, Webb D, Vitousek PM (1998). Physiological and morphological variation in Metrosideros polymorpha, a dominant Hawaiian tree species, along an altitudinal gradient: the role of phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia, 113: 188-196. Crafts-Brandner SJ, van de Loo’ FJ, Salvucci ME (1997). The two forms of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase differ in sensitivity to elevated temperature. Plant Physiol., 11: 439-444. Hewitt EJ (1952). Sand and water culture methods used in the study of plant nutrition. Commonwealth Bureau bot. Plantation Crops Tech. Commun., 22: 405-439. Hiesey WM, Nobs MA, Björkman O (1971). Experimental studies on the nature of species. V. Biosystematics, genetics, and physiological ecology of the Erythranthe section of Mimulus Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 628. Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1952). The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stat.Circ., 347: 1-32. Hovenden MJ, Schoor JKV (2003). Nature vs. nurture in the leaf morphology of Southern beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Nothofagaceae). New Phytol., 161: 585-594. Hovenden MJ, Schimanski LJ (2000). Genotypic differences in growth and stomatal morphology of Southern seech Nothofagus cunninghamii, exposed to depleted CO2 concentrations. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 27: 281-287. Körner C, Diemer M (1987). In situ photosynthesis responses to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high altitude. Funct. Ecol., 1: 179-194. Kumar N, Kumar S, Vats SK, Ahuja PS (2006). Effect of altitude on the primary products of photosynthesis and the associated enzymes in barley and wheat. Photosynth. Res. 88: 63-71. Kumar N, Kumar S, Ahuja PS (2004). Differences in the activation state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in barley, pea,
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