Part 1 - AL-Tax

IndexEuropean Union (Cont.)cross-border loss relief, 190–2, 198,222–4, 231–3cross-border savings income, 8, 241–62debate on corporate taxation, 187–99Directives/Regulations, 176–7, 189–90,211, 216–17, 228–32, 234, 242–5,249, 251–61domestic tax mechanisms, 223–4EC Treaty, 176–8, 190–1effective tax rates (ETRs), 211–34freedom principles, 174historical background, 5, 10, 173–4,187–8, 251–3influences, 5, 7, 8–9, 10, 173–4, 215–17institutions, 174–8, 216–17intervention areas, 177–9, 216–17lessons learned, 5, 8, 10Maastricht Stability and Growth Pact,216new members, 21–2, 212–15, 228–32redistribution/stabilization role, 175–8,182–3reforms, 8, 219–34savings, 8, 188, 239–62subsidiarity concepts, 176–7, 189targeted solutions, 189–90, 194–6tax problems, 219–24, 232–3tax rates, 184–91, 211–34, 253–7, 270–3tax receipts, 178–9taxation rationale, 174–8top-down/bottom-up coordinationfactors, 211–34transfer pricing, 192–6, 198–9, 218,221–4, 228–32Treaty of Nice, 218, 232see also Individual countriesExchange rates, 6, 314–15Excise taxes, 5Expenses, taxable income, 15–17, 18,220–34Fair value accounting, 195FATF see Financial Action Task Force onMoney LaunderingFCF see Fixed capital formationFeira agreement, 252–3Financial Action Task Force on MoneyLaundering (FATF), 315–20Financial markets, cross-border savingsincome, 241–62Financial openness, capital-taxcompetition, 60–7Finland, 184–91, 212–33, 255, 259Fixed capital formation (FCF), 62Flannery, R., 281Flat tax rates, 270–3Forbes Tax Misery Index, 269–70,273–80Foreign profits, 5Forward-looking ETRs, 13–29, 31, 35–6,214–15França, José Antonio de, 9, 323–37France, 119, 150, 184–91, 212–33, 253,255–9, 270–86Franzese, Robert J., Jr, 6, 43–72Fraud, 9, 243–4, 254, 287, 297Free cash flows, 328–9Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA),9, 341–51Free trade treaties, 5, 9, 341–51FTAA see Free Trade Area of theAmericasFullerton, D., 17, 18–20, 35–6Functions, arm’s length principle (ALP),149–69Game-theoretical models, informationsharing, 242, 245–8Garbarino, Carlo, 8, 209–38GATT, 5GDP see Gross domestic productGender issues, tax evasion, 298–306360