Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net
Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net
Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison with sector, national or regional benchmarks asappropriatev. allow for comparison with regulatory requirements as appropriate.(g)Validation by certification body or external EMS verifier:- having the management system, audit procedure and environmental statement examinedand validated by an accredited certification body or an external EMS verifier can, ifcarried out properly, enhance the credibility of the system.(h)Design considerations for end-of-life plant decommissioning- giving consideration to the environmental impact from the eventual decommissioning ofthe unit at the stage of designing a new plant, as forethought makes decommissioningeasier, cleaner and cheaper- decommissioning poses environmental risks for the contamination of land (andgroundwater) and generates large quantities of solid waste. Preventive techniques areprocess-specific but general considerations may include:i. avoiding underground structuresii. incorporating features that facilitate dismantlingiii. choosing surface finishes that are easily decontaminatediv. using an equipment configuration that minimises trapped chemicals andfacilitates drain-down or washingv. designing flexible, self-contained units that enable phased closurevi. using biodegradable and recyclable materials where possible.(i)Development of cleaner technologies:- environmental protection should be an inherent feature of any process design activitiescarried out by the operator, since techniques incorporated at the earliest possible designstage are both more effective and cheaper. Giving consideration to the development ofcleaner technologies can for instance occur through R&D activities or studies. As analternative to internal activities, arrangements can be made to keep abreast with – andwhere appropriate – commission work by other operators or research institutes active inthe relevant field.(j)Benchmarking, i.e.:- carrying out systematic and regular comparisons with sector, national or regionalbenchmarks, including for energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choiceof input materials, emissions to air and discharges to water (using for example theEuropean Pollutant Emission Register, EPER), consumption of water and generation ofwaste.Standardised and non-standardised EMSsAn EMS can take the form of a standardised or non-standardised (“customised”) system.Implementation and adherence to an internationally accepted standardised system such as ENISO 14001:1996 can give higher credibility to the EMS, especially when subject to a properlyperformed external verification. EMAS provides additional credibility due to the interactionwith the public through the environmental statement and the mechanism to ensure compliancewith the applicable environmental legislation. However, non-standardised systems can inprinciple be equally effective provided that they are properly designed and implemented.28 Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers
Chapter 1Achieved environmental benefitsImplementation of and adherence to an EMS focuses the attention of the operator on theenvironmental performance of the installation. In particular, the maintenance of and compliancewith clear operating procedures for both normal and abnormal situations and the associated linesof responsibility should ensure that the installation’s permit conditions and other environmentaltargets and objectives are met at all times.Environmental management systems typically ensure the continuous improvement of theenvironmental performance of the installation. The poorer the starting point is, the moresignificant short-term improvements can be expected. If the installation already has a goodoverall environmental performance, the system helps the operator to maintain the highperformance level.Cross-media effectsEnvironmental management techniques are designed to address the overall environmentalimpact, which is consistent with the integrated approach of the IPPC Directive.Operational dataNo specific information reported.ApplicabilityThe components described above can typically be applied to all IPPC installations. The scope(e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) willgenerally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range ofenvironmental impacts it may have.EconomicsIt is difficult to accurately determine the costs and economic benefits of introducing andmaintaining a good EMS. A number of studies are presented below. However, these are justexamples and their results are not entirely coherent. They might not be representative for allsectors across the EU and should thus be treated with caution.A Swedish study carried out in 1999 surveyed all 360 ISO-certified and EMAS-registeredcompanies in Sweden. With a response rate of 50%, it concluded among other things that:- the expenses for introducing and operating EMS are high but not unreasonably so, savein the case of very small companies. Expenses are expected to decrease in the future- a higher degree of co-ordination and integration of EMS with other managementsystems is seen as a possible way to decrease costs- half of all the environmental objectives and targets give payback within one yearthrough cost savings and/or increased revenue- the largest cost savings were made through decreased expenditure on energy, wastetreatment and raw materials- most of the companies think that their position on the market has been strengthenedthrough the EMS. One-third of the companies report increasing revenue due to EMS.In some Member States reduced supervision fees are charged if the installation has acertification.Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers 29
- Page 5 and 6: Executive SummaryII.Production and
- Page 7 and 8: Executive Summarybed, using a cesiu
- Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryConversion process
- Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryBAT is to treat al
- Page 13 and 14: PrefacePREFACE1. Status of this doc
- Page 15 and 16: Preface5. How to understand and use
- Page 17 and 18: 2.2.4.2 Gasification of heavy hydro
- Page 19 and 20: 5.4.2 Hemihydrate process (HH) ....
- Page 21 and 22: 10.4.3 Fluoride recovery and abatem
- Page 23 and 24: Figure 8.1: Overview of the product
- Page 25 and 26: Table 4.20: Energy balance of a dou
- Page 27: ScopeSCOPEThis document on Large Vo
- Page 30 and 31: Chapter 197 % of nitrogen fertilise
- Page 32 and 33: Chapter 11.1.2.3 High exhaust gas v
- Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1the SSD of NPK does not le
- Page 36 and 37: Chapter 11,8Relative production cap
- Page 38 and 39: Chapter 11.2.3 Supply of steam and
- Page 40 and 41: Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions
- Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1ApplicabilityGenerally app
- Page 44 and 45: Chapter 11.4.3 Handling excess stea
- Page 46 and 47: Chapter 11.4.5 Optimisation/mainten
- Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1Operational dataNo informa
- Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1ApplicabilityEspecially ap
- Page 52 and 53: Chapter 11.4.9 Environmental manage
- Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1(v) Documentation- establi
- Page 58 and 59: Chapter 1A number of studies show t
- Page 60 and 61: Chapter 11.5 Common BATIn understan
- Page 62 and 63: Chapter 11.5.2 BAT for environmenta
- Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2Location CompanyCapacity F
- Page 66 and 67: Chapter 22.2.2 Output from ammonia
- Page 68 and 69: Chapter 22.2.3.2 Primary reformingT
- Page 70 and 71: Chapter 2Process name Solvent/reage
- Page 72 and 73: Chapter 22.2.4 Partial oxidationThe
- Page 74 and 75: Chapter 2In the moving bed process,
- Page 76 and 77: Chapter 22.2.6 Storage and transfer
- Page 78 and 79: Chapter 2Production process Feedsto
- Page 80 and 81: Chapter 22.3.2 NO x emissionsTable
- Page 82 and 83: Chapter 22.3.3 Other consumption le
- Page 84 and 85: Chapter 2ParameterProcessEmission l
- Page 86 and 87: Chapter 22.4 Techniques to consider
- Page 88 and 89: Chapter 22.4.2 Processes with reduc
- Page 90 and 91: Chapter 22.4.3 Heat exchange autoth
- Page 92 and 93: Chapter 22.4.4 Revamp: increase cap
- Page 94 and 95: Chapter 22.4.5 Pre-reformingDescrip
- Page 96 and 97: Chapter 2ApplicabilityGenerally app
- Page 98 and 99: Chapter 22.4.7 Advanced process con
- Page 100 and 101: Chapter 22.4.9 Combined Claus unit
- Page 102 and 103: Chapter 2Operational dataSee Descri
- Page 104 and 105: Chapter 22.4.12 Preheating of combu
Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison with sector, national or regional benchma<strong>rks</strong> asappropriatev. allow for comparison with regulatory requirements as appropriate.(g)Validation by certification body or external EMS verifier:- having the management system, audit procedure and environmental statement examinedand validated by an accredited certification body or an external EMS verifier can, ifcarried out properly, enhance the credibility of the system.(h)Design considerations for end-of-life plant decommissioning- giving consideration to the environmental impact from the eventual decommissioning ofthe unit at the stage of designing a new plant, as forethought makes decommissioningeasier, cleaner and cheaper- decommissioning poses environmental risks for the contamination of land (andgroundwater) and generates large quantities of solid waste. Preventive techniques areprocess-specific but general considerations may include:i. avoiding underground structuresii. incorporating features that facilitate dismantlingiii. choosing surface finishes that are easily decontaminatediv. using an equipment configuration that minimises trapped chemicals andfacilitates drain-down or washingv. designing flexible, self-contained units that enable phased closurevi. using biodegradable and recyclable materials where possible.(i)Development of cleaner technologies:- environmental protection should be an inherent feature of any process design activitiescarried out by the operator, since techniques incorporated at the earliest possible designstage are both more effective and cheaper. Giving consideration to the development ofcleaner technologies can for instance occur through R&D activities or studies. As analternative to internal activities, arrangements can be made to keep abreast with – andwhere appropriate – commission work by other operators or research institutes active inthe relevant field.(j)Benchmarking, i.e.:- carrying out systematic and regular comparisons with sector, national or regionalbenchma<strong>rks</strong>, including for energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choiceof input materials, emissions to air and discharges to water (using for example theEuropean Pollutant Emission Register, EPER), consumption of water and generation ofwaste.Standardised and non-standardised EMSsAn EMS can take the form of a standardised or non-standardised (“customised”) system.Implementation and adherence to an internationally accepted standardised system such as ENISO 14001:1996 can give higher credibility to the EMS, especially when subject to a properlyperformed external verification. EMAS provides additional credibility due to the interactionwith the public through the environmental statement and the mechanism to ensure compliancewith the applicable environmental legislation. However, non-standardised systems can inprinciple be equally effective provided that they are properly designed and implemented.28 <strong>Large</strong> <strong>Volume</strong> <strong>Inorganic</strong> <strong>Chemicals</strong> – <strong>Ammonia</strong>, Acids and Fertilisers