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Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions and consumption levelsFor emissions from specific production, please see Sections X.3 of this document.1.4 Common techniques to consider in the determination ofBATThis section sets out techniques considered generally to have potential for achieving a high levelof environmental protection in the industries within the scope of the document. Managementsystems, process-integrated techniques and end-of-pipe measures are included, but a certainamount of overlap exists between these three when seeking the optimum results.Prevention, control, minimisation and re-cycling procedures are considered as well as the re-useof materials and energy.Techniques may be presented singly or as combinations to achieve the objectives of IPPC.Annex IV to the Directive lists a number of general considerations to be taken into accountwhen determining BAT and techniques within this chapter will address one or more of theseconsiderations. As far as possible a standard structure is used to outline each technique, toenable comparison of techniques and an objective assessment against the definition of BATgiven in the Directive.The content of this section is not an exhaustive list of techniques and others may exist or bedeveloped which may be equally valid within the framework of BAT.Generally, a standard structure is used to outline each technique, as shown in Table 1.6:Type of information consideredDescriptionAchieved environmental benefitsCross-media effectsOperational dataApplicabilityEconomicsDriving force for implementationReferences to literature andexample plantsType of information includedTechnical description of the techniqueMain environmental impact(s) to be addressed by thetechnique (process or abatement), including emission valuesachieved and efficiency performance. Environmental benefitsof the technique in comparison with othersAny side-effects and disadvantages caused by implementationof the technique. Details on the environmental problems of thetechnique in comparison with othersPerformance data on emissions/wastes and consumption (rawmaterials, water and energy). Any other useful information onhow to operate, maintain and control the technique, includingsafety aspects, operability constraints of the technique, outputquality, etc.Consideration of the factors involved in applying andretrofitting the technique (e.g. space availability, processspecific)Information on costs (investment and operation) and anypossible savings (e.g. reduced raw material consumption,waste charges) also as related to the capacity of the techniqueReasons for implementation of the technique (e.g. otherlegislation, improvement in production quality)Literature for more detailed information on the technique.Reference to a plant where the technique is reported to be usedTable 1.6: Information breakdown for each technique described in this section12 Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers