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Chapter 8Per tonne urea Unit Remarks Reference21.1 Snamprogetti NH 3 stripping [9, Austrian UBA, 2002]21 – 23 Snamprogetti NH 3 stripping, excluding CO 2 compression115 Snamprogetti NH 3 stripping, including CO 2 compressionYara, Brunsbüttel[121, German UBA, 2001]21.1 CO 2 stripping process, CO 2 compression with steam turbine [9, Austrian UBA, 2002]kWh110 CO 2 stripping process, CO 2 compression with electromotor [9, Austrian UBA, 2002]70 Conventional total recycle process (Toyo), the figure does not include electricity for CO 2 compressionBASF, Ludwigshafen [121,German UBA, 2001]43Stamicarbon CO 2 stripping process. The figure does not include electricity for CO 2 compression. The figureincludes 23 kWh/tonne for the granulationSKW Piesteritz[121, German UBA, 2001]76 – 82 NH 3 stripping process, CO 2 compression with steam turbine54 CO 2 stripping process, CO 2 compression with steam turbine396 CO 2 stripping process, CO 2 compression with electromotor54 – 108 MJACES process, CO 2 compression with steam turbine[52, infoMil, 2001]436 ACES process, CO 2 compression with electromotor425 IDR process, CO 2 compression with electromotor79IDR process, CO 2 compression with steam turbineTable 8.6: Reported electrical power consumption levels for the production of urea330 Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers
Chapter 8Per tonneurea in GJRemarks2.7 Conventional total recycle process (Toyo), electricity for CO 2 compression not included1.9 Stamicarbon CO 2 stripping process, electricity for CO 2 compression not included1.7 Snamprogetti NH 3 stripping, electricity for CO 2 compression not included3.3 Modern total recycling stripping process, conversion of ammonia to solid urea4.1 Average requirements for European plants4.6 Best plants 30 years agoReference[121, German UBA, 2001][107, Kongshaug, 1998]3.1 Specification for new plants (steam + electricity), including CO 2 compression [130, Uhde, 2004]2.7 Stamicarbon CO 2 stripping process (steam + electricity) SKW Piesteritz2.9 NH 3 stripping, prilling, CO 2 compression with steam turbine, prilling [126, Snamprogetti, 1999]2.0 NH 3 stripping, prilling, CO 2 compression with electromotor, prilling [126, Snamprogetti, 1999]3.1 NH 3 stripping, prilling, CO 2 compression with steam turbine, granulation [126, Snamprogetti, 1999]1.9 NH 3 stripping, prilling, CO 2 compression with electromotor, granulation [126, Snamprogetti, 1999]5.5 Existing installation, conventional total recycling, crystallisation, natural draft prilling, compression with steam turbine3.8 Revamp study, CO 2 stripping, vacuum evaporation, prilling with fan, process condensate treatment3.9 Revamp study, CO 2 stripping, vacuum evaporation, granulation, process condensate treatment3.0 CO 2 stripping (ACES21), spout fluid bed granulation, CO 2 /NH 3 /carbamate pumps driven by steam turbine2.7 CO 2 stripping (ACES21), spout fluid bed granulation, only the CO 2 pump driven by steam turbineTable 8.7: Reported total energy consumption levels for the production of urea (sum of steam and electricity import and exports)[122, Toyo, 2002][123, Toyo, 2003]Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers 331
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EUROPEAN COMMISSIONIntegrated Pollu
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Executive SummaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYT
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Executive SummaryII.Production and
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Executive Summarybed, using a cesiu
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Executive SummaryConversion process
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Executive SummaryBAT is to treat al
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PrefacePREFACE1. Status of this doc
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Preface5. How to understand and use
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2.2.4.2 Gasification of heavy hydro
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5.4.2 Hemihydrate process (HH) ....
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10.4.3 Fluoride recovery and abatem
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Figure 8.1: Overview of the product
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Table 4.20: Energy balance of a dou
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ScopeSCOPEThis document on Large Vo
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Chapter 197 % of nitrogen fertilise
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Chapter 11.1.2.3 High exhaust gas v
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Chapter 1the SSD of NPK does not le
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Chapter 11,8Relative production cap
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Chapter 11.2.3 Supply of steam and
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Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 11.4.3 Handling excess stea
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Chapter 11.4.5 Optimisation/mainten
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Chapter 1Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityEspecially ap
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Chapter 11.4.9 Environmental manage
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Chapter 1(v) Documentation- establi
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Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison w
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Chapter 1A number of studies show t
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Chapter 11.5 Common BATIn understan
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Chapter 11.5.2 BAT for environmenta
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Chapter 2Location CompanyCapacity F
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Chapter 22.2.2 Output from ammonia
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Chapter 22.2.3.2 Primary reformingT
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Chapter 2Process name Solvent/reage
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Chapter 22.2.4 Partial oxidationThe
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Chapter 2In the moving bed process,
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Chapter 22.2.6 Storage and transfer
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Chapter 2Production process Feedsto
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Chapter 22.3.2 NO x emissionsTable
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Chapter 22.3.3 Other consumption le
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Chapter 2ParameterProcessEmission l
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Chapter 22.4 Techniques to consider
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Chapter 22.4.2 Processes with reduc
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Chapter 22.4.3 Heat exchange autoth
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Chapter 22.4.4 Revamp: increase cap
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Chapter 22.4.5 Pre-reformingDescrip
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Chapter 2ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 22.4.7 Advanced process con
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Chapter 22.4.9 Combined Claus unit
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Chapter 2Operational dataSee Descri
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Chapter 22.4.12 Preheating of combu
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Chapter 22.4.14 Isothermal shift co
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Chapter 22.4.16 Stripping and recyc
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Chapter 22.4.18 Use of sulphur resi
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Chapter 22.4.20 Indirect cooling of
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Chapter 22.4.22 Ammonia removal fro
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Chapter 22.4.24 Metal recovery and
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Chapter 2Driving force for implemen
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Chapter 22.5 BAT for ammoniaBAT is
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Chapter 33 NITRIC ACID3.1 General i
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Chapter 3Pressure in bar Temperatur
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Chapter 33.2.5 Tail gas properties
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Chapter 33.3 Current emission and c
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3140120Generation factor %1
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Chapter 33.4.2 Optimisation of the
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Chapter 33.4.3 Alternative oxidatio
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Chapter 33.4.4 Optimisation of the
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Chapter 3Achieved environmental ben
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Chapter 33.4.5 N 2 O decomposition
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Chapter 33.4.6 Catalytic N 2 O deco
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Chapter 3According to [89, Kuiper,
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Chapter 33.4.7 Combined NO x and N
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Chapter 3EconomicsInvestment costs.
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Chapter 3Operational dataSee descri
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Chapter 3NOx removal efficiency in
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Chapter 33.4.10 Addition of H 2 O 2
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Chapter 33.4.11 NO X reduction duri
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Chapter 3Installing a low temperatu
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Chapter 3NO x emission level as NO
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Chapter 3Operational dataNo specifi
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Chapter 4Country Company Location C
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Chapter 4Country Company Location C
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Chapter 4Figure 4.2 gives an overvi
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Chapter 4Two general converter type
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Chapter 4Figure 4.6 gives an impres
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Chapter 44.2.3 Sulphur sources and
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Chapter 44.2.3.5 Non-ferrous metal
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Chapter 4Sulphur source/SO 2 produc
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Chapter 410Tail gas specific SO2 lo
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Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
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Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
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Chapter 4SO 2 sourceSpent acid and
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Chapter 4Cross-media effectsWithout
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Chapter 44.4.3 Addition of a 5 th b
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Chapter 44.4.4 Application of a Cs-
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Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
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Chapter 44.4.6 Replacement of brick
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Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
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Chapter 4PlantSO 2 sourceInlet SO 2
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Chapter 44.4.10 Combination of SCR
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Chapter 44.4.14 Monitoring of SO 2
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Chapter 4EconomicsCost benefits can
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Chapter 4Energy inputRecovery and l
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Chapter 44.4.16 Minimisation and ab
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Chapter 44.4.17 Minimisation of NO
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Chapter 44.4.19 Tail gas scrubbing
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Chapter 44.4.21 Tail gas treatment:
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Chapter 4Economics[58, TAK-S, 2003]
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Chapter 4EconomicsNo specific infor
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Chapter 4BAT is to minimise and red
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Chapter 55.2 Applied processes and
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Chapter 55.2.2.1 Raw materials5.2.2
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Chapter 5OriginChinaMine/regionRare
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Chapter 55.2.2.2 GrindingDepending
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Chapter 5Emission of mg/l g/tonne P
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Chapter 55.4 Techniques to consider
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Chapter 55.4.2 Hemihydrate process
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Chapter 55.4.3 Hemi-dihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.4 Hemi-dihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.5 Di-hemihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.6 RepulpingDescription
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Chapter 55.4.7 Fluoride recovery an
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Chapter 55.4.8 Recovery and abateme
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Chapter 5Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 55.4.11 Decadmation of H 3
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Chapter 55.4.12 Use of entrainment
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Chapter 5Cross-media effects• dis
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Chapter 5Cross-media effectsTable 5
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Chapter 5ApplicabilityAt present, o
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Chapter 66 HYDROFLUORIC ACID6.1 Gen
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Chapter 6Component Portion (mass co
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Chapter 66.2.4 Process gas treatmen
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Chapter 6Emission of kg/tonne HF Re
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6.4 Techniques to consider in the d
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Chapter 66.4.2 Energy recovery from
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Chapter 66.4.4 Valorisation of fluo
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Chapter 66.4.6 Scrubbing of tail ga
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6.4.7 Scrubbing of tail gases: fluo
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Chapter 66.4.8 Abatement of dust em
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Page 337 and 338: Chapter77.4.7 Optimising the recycl
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Page 354 and 355: Chapter 88.2.1.1 Particle formation
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Page 362 and 363: Chapter 8Pollutant Source g/tonne u
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Page 372 and 373: Chapter 8Driving force for implemen
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Page 382 and 383: Chapter 88.4.10 Minimisation of NH
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Page 392 and 393: Chapter 9Country Company LocationBe
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Page 398 and 399: Chapter 99.3 Current emission and c
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Page 402 and 403: Chapter 99.4 Techniques to consider
Page 404 and 405: Chapter 99.4.2 Recovery of residual
Page 406 and 407: Chapter 99.4.3 Energy consideration
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Chapter 99.4.4 Steam purification a
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Chapter 99.4.5 Autothermal granulat
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Chapter 9ApplicabilityIrrigated can
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Chapter 1010 SUPERPHOSPHATES10.1 Ge
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Chapter 10Emissionto airEmissionto
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Chapter 10Input Indirect granulatio
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Chapter 10Volume5 - 10 m 3 /hourTem
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Chapter 1010.4.2 Recovery and abate
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Chapter 1010.4.4 Recycling of scrub
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Chapter 1111 CONCLUDING REMARKS11.1
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Chapter 11Production of HNO 3 : De-
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References26 Dipankar Das (1998).
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References89 Kuiper (2001). "High t
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References147 Uhde (2006). "The Uhd
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GlossaryCalculation of steam proper
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GlossaryIPCCIPPCISO 14001Intergover
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GlossaryChemical formulasAl 2 O 3Ca
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Annexes14 ANNEXES14.1 Cost calculat
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