Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net

Table 4.20: Energy balance of a double contact process based on a metallurgical process ..................... 199Table 4.21: Overview of SO 3 /H 2 SO 4 recovery/abatement techniques ..................................................... 200Table 4.22: Achieved SO 2 levels by scrubbing with H 2 O 2 ....................................................................... 207Table 4.23: Overview of the removal of Hg from process gases ............................................................. 209Table 4.24: Conversion rates and SO 2 emission levels associated with BAT.......................................... 211Table 4.25: SO 3 /H 2 SO 4 emission levels associated with BAT................................................................. 212Table 5.1: Overview of the European phosphoric acid plants.................................................................. 213Table 5.2: Origin and typical composition of different phosphate rocks (P 2 O 5 content is highlighted)based on past analysis........................................................................................................ 217Table 5.3: Trace elements in phosphate rock of different origin (Cd is highlighted)............................... 218Table 5.4: Radioactivity of different phosphate rocks ............................................................................. 219Table 5.5: Reported consumption levels for the production of phosphoric acid...................................... 222Table 5.6: Reported emissions to air from the production of phosphoric acid......................................... 223Table 5.7: Reported emissions to water from the production of phosphoric acid .................................... 224Table 5.8: Reported emission levels for the disposal of phosphogypsum to water from the production ofphosphoric acid.................................................................................................................. 225Table 5.9: Typical fluoride distribution in DH and HH processes ........................................................... 238Table 5.10: Overview of phosphogypsum applications ........................................................................... 247Table 5.11: Emission levels and co-generated output for the production of thermal H 3 PO 4 .................... 253Table 5.12: Typical consumption levels for the production of thermal H 3 PO 4 ........................................ 253Table 6.1: HF production plants in Europe .............................................................................................. 257Table 6.2: Components in acid spar ......................................................................................................... 259Table 6.3: Options to achieve a higher production capacity for a given kiln ........................................... 260Table 6.4: Reported consumption levels for the production of HF .......................................................... 263Table 6.5: Reported dust emission levels for the production of HF......................................................... 264Table 6.6: Reported emissions of SO 2 and fluorides................................................................................ 265Table 6.7: Reported emission levels in liquid effluents from the production of HF ................................ 266Table 6.8: Reported emission levels for solid waste from the production of HF ..................................... 266Table 6.9: Options for improving the energy transfer to the main reaction ............................................. 267Table 6.10: Achievable fluoride emission levels for different scrubber setups........................................ 273Table 6.11: Achievable SO 2 emission levels for different scrubber setups .............................................. 275Table 6.12: Achieved HF and SO 2 emission levels.................................................................................. 276Table 6.13: Selected abatement techniques and corresponding achievable dust emission levels ............ 277Table 6.14: Achievable consumption levels associated with BAT for the production of HF .................. 282Table 6.15: Achievable emission levels associated with BAT for the production of HF......................... 282Table 7.1: Consumption of the most frequently used compound fertiliser types in Western Europe ...... 283Table 7.2: Overview of major NPK plants in the EU-25 with a capacity bigger than 150000 tonnes peryear as of February 2006 ................................................................................................... 284Table 7.3: Energy consumption levels for the production of NPK fertilisers .......................................... 291Table 7.4: Water consumption levels for the production of NPK fertilisers ............................................ 292Table 7.5: Emissions to air from the production of NPK fertilisers......................................................... 295Table 7.6: Emissions to water from the production of NPK fertilisers .................................................... 296Table 7.7: Properties of raw gas leaving a spherodiser ............................................................................ 298Table 7.8: Emission levels from prill towers in the production of NPK and CN ..................................... 302Table 7.9: Comparison of energy requirements for different product cooling systems ........................... 305Table 7.10: Conversion of CNTH into CN .............................................................................................. 310Table 7.11: Achieved average emission levels and efficiencies for multistage scrubbing....................... 313Table 7.12: Achieved average emission levels and efficiencies for combined scrubbing........................ 315Table 7.13: Achievable emissions from the recycling of scrubbing/washing liquors .............................. 317Table 7.14: Emission levels to air associated with the application of BAT ............................................. 321Table 8.1: Urea production plants in the European Union as of July 2006.............................................. 323Table 8.2: Typical urea production parameters........................................................................................ 324Table 8.3: Reported raw material consumption levels for the production of urea ................................... 327Table 8.4: Reported cooling water consumption levels for the production of urea.................................. 328Table 8.5: Reported steam consumption levels for the production of urea .............................................. 329Table 8.6: Reported electrical power consumption levels for the production of urea.............................. 330Table 8.7: Reported total energy consumption levels for the production of urea (sum of steam andelectricity import and exports)........................................................................................... 331Table 8.8: Reported specific waste water levels expressed per tonne of urea.......................................... 332Table 8.9: Reported concentration levels in treated process condensates ................................................ 333Table 8.10: Reported emission levels to air for the production of urea.................................................... 335Table 8.11: Diffuse emissions to atmosphere from Dutch plants............................................................. 336Table 8.12: Raw material and utility consumption for the production of UAN....................................... 336Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisersxxiii