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Chapter 4PlantSO 2 sourceInlet SO 2 Conversion rate Emission level% v/v % mg/m 3Lenzing AG, afterexpansionLean and rich gas fromviscose production +elemental sulphur5.998.899.9 x 170 xPT South PacificViscose, IndonesiaIrving Oil Ltd.,CanadaMolymex SA,MexicoSokolovska Uhelna,Czech RepublicTail gas from a Claus plant 1 98.1 341Molybdenum roasting 3.0 – 4.1 98.7 – 99.0 1100 – 1170Rectisol regeneration 1.58 97.9 944x including H 2 O 2 scrubberTable 4.15: Examples for the application of wet catalysis processes[63, Laursen, 2005, 64, Kristiansen and Jensen, 2004]Cross-media effectsPotential for formation and emission of H 2 SO 4 mist.Operational dataNo specific information provided.ApplicabilityApplicable to wet SO 2 gases. The potential for the formation of H 2 SO 4 mist might require tailgas treatment for example with ESP, WESP or scrubbing [57, Austrian UBA, 2001].EconomicsNo specific data provided.Driving force for implementationNo specific data provided.References to literature and example plants[57, Austrian UBA, 2001, 58, TAK-S, 2003, 63, Laursen, 2005, 64, Kristiansen and Jensen,2004], Glanzstoff Austria, Arzberg power station, KMG Krefeld, Bayer Krefeld, see also Table4.15.186 Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers
Chapter 44.4.9 Combined wet/dry catalysis processesDescriptionCombined wet/dry contact processes are double contact/double absorption processes, used inparticular for processing gases containing H 2 S. If the H 2 S content is low, H 2 S gases are burnedtogether with elemental sulphur. After reducing the temperature to about 400 °C, the wetcombustion gases are directly fed into the contact tower. SO 3 formed by the catalytic conversionimmediately reacts with the moisture of the gases and forms sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acidis absorbed in an intermediate absorber installed after the second or third catalyst bed.Remaining SO 2 is converted in the following catalyst bed(s) according to a dry contact process.The combined wet/dry process uses the same catalyst materials as in a conventional doublecontact plant.Achieved environmental benefits• enables the conversion of wet SO 2 gases• SO 2 conversion rates up to 99.8 %• SO 3 emissions of 30 mg/Nm 3 .Cross-media effectsNone believed likely.Operational dataNo specific information provided.ApplicabilityApplicable to wet SO 2 gases, e.g. with a low H 2 S content.EconomicsNo specific information provided.Driving force for implementationRecovery of sulphur from waste gases..References to literature and example plants[57, Austrian UBA, 2001], Lenzing AGLarge Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers 187
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EUROPEAN COMMISSIONIntegrated Pollu
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Executive SummaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYT
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Executive SummaryII.Production and
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Executive Summarybed, using a cesiu
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Executive SummaryConversion process
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Executive SummaryBAT is to treat al
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PrefacePREFACE1. Status of this doc
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Preface5. How to understand and use
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2.2.4.2 Gasification of heavy hydro
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5.4.2 Hemihydrate process (HH) ....
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10.4.3 Fluoride recovery and abatem
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Figure 8.1: Overview of the product
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Table 4.20: Energy balance of a dou
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ScopeSCOPEThis document on Large Vo
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Chapter 197 % of nitrogen fertilise
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Chapter 11.1.2.3 High exhaust gas v
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Chapter 1the SSD of NPK does not le
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Chapter 11,8Relative production cap
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Chapter 11.2.3 Supply of steam and
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Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 11.4.3 Handling excess stea
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Chapter 11.4.5 Optimisation/mainten
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Chapter 1Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityEspecially ap
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Chapter 11.4.9 Environmental manage
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Chapter 1(v) Documentation- establi
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Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison w
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Chapter 1A number of studies show t
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Chapter 11.5 Common BATIn understan
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Chapter 11.5.2 BAT for environmenta
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Chapter 2Location CompanyCapacity F
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Chapter 22.2.2 Output from ammonia
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Chapter 22.2.3.2 Primary reformingT
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Chapter 2Process name Solvent/reage
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Chapter 22.2.4 Partial oxidationThe
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Chapter 2In the moving bed process,
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Chapter 22.2.6 Storage and transfer
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Chapter 2Production process Feedsto
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Chapter 22.3.2 NO x emissionsTable
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Chapter 22.3.3 Other consumption le
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Chapter 2ParameterProcessEmission l
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Chapter 22.4 Techniques to consider
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Chapter 22.4.2 Processes with reduc
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Chapter 22.4.3 Heat exchange autoth
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Chapter 22.4.4 Revamp: increase cap
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Chapter 22.4.5 Pre-reformingDescrip
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Chapter 2ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 22.4.7 Advanced process con
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Chapter 22.4.9 Combined Claus unit
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Chapter 2Operational dataSee Descri
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Chapter 22.4.12 Preheating of combu
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Chapter 22.4.14 Isothermal shift co
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Chapter 22.4.16 Stripping and recyc
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Chapter 22.4.18 Use of sulphur resi
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Chapter 22.4.20 Indirect cooling of
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Chapter 22.4.22 Ammonia removal fro
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Chapter 22.4.24 Metal recovery and
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Chapter 2Driving force for implemen
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Chapter 22.5 BAT for ammoniaBAT is
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Chapter 33 NITRIC ACID3.1 General i
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Chapter 3Pressure in bar Temperatur
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Chapter 33.2.5 Tail gas properties
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Chapter 33.3 Current emission and c
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3140120Generation factor %1
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Chapter 33.4.2 Optimisation of the
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Chapter 33.4.3 Alternative oxidatio
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Chapter 33.4.4 Optimisation of the
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Chapter 3Achieved environmental ben
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Chapter 33.4.5 N 2 O decomposition
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Chapter 33.4.6 Catalytic N 2 O deco
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Chapter 3According to [89, Kuiper,
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Chapter 33.4.7 Combined NO x and N
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Chapter 3EconomicsInvestment costs.
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Chapter 3Operational dataSee descri
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Chapter 3NOx removal efficiency in
Page 163 and 164: Chapter 33.4.10 Addition of H 2 O 2
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 3NO x emission level as NO
Page 171: Chapter 3Operational dataNo specifi
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Page 178 and 179: Chapter 4Figure 4.2 gives an overvi
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4Two general converter type
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Page 184 and 185: Chapter 44.2.3 Sulphur sources and
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 44.2.3.5 Non-ferrous metal
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 4Sulphur source/SO 2 produc
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Page 192 and 193: Chapter 410Tail gas specific SO2 lo
Page 194 and 195: Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 4SO 2 sourceSpent acid and
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 4Cross-media effectsWithout
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 4Achieved environmental ben
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 44.4.3 Addition of a 5 th b
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 44.4.4 Application of a Cs-
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Page 210 and 211: Chapter 44.4.6 Replacement of brick
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Page 216 and 217: Chapter 44.4.10 Combination of SCR
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 4Achieved environmental ben
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Page 222 and 223: Chapter 44.4.14 Monitoring of SO 2
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 4EconomicsCost benefits can
Page 226 and 227: Chapter 4Energy inputRecovery and l
Page 228 and 229: Chapter 44.4.16 Minimisation and ab
Page 230 and 231: Chapter 44.4.17 Minimisation of NO
Page 232 and 233: Chapter 44.4.19 Tail gas scrubbing
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Page 236 and 237: Chapter 4Economics[58, TAK-S, 2003]
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 4EconomicsNo specific infor
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 4BAT is to minimise and red
Page 242 and 243: Chapter 55.2 Applied processes and
Page 244 and 245: Chapter 55.2.2.1 Raw materials5.2.2
Page 246 and 247: Chapter 5OriginChinaMine/regionRare
Page 248 and 249: Chapter 55.2.2.2 GrindingDepending
Page 250 and 251: Chapter 55.3 Current emission and c
Page 252 and 253: Chapter 5Emission of mg/l g/tonne P
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 55.4 Techniques to consider
Page 256 and 257: Chapter 55.4.2 Hemihydrate process
Page 258 and 259: Chapter 55.4.3 Hemi-dihydrate recry
Page 260 and 261: Chapter 55.4.4 Hemi-dihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.6 RepulpingDescription
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Chapter 55.4.7 Fluoride recovery an
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Chapter 55.4.8 Recovery and abateme
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Chapter 5Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 55.4.11 Decadmation of H 3
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Chapter 55.4.12 Use of entrainment
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Chapter 5Cross-media effects• dis
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Chapter 5Cross-media effectsTable 5
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Chapter 5ApplicabilityAt present, o
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Chapter 66 HYDROFLUORIC ACID6.1 Gen
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Chapter 6Component Portion (mass co
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Chapter 66.2.4 Process gas treatmen
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Chapter 6Emission of kg/tonne HF Re
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6.4 Techniques to consider in the d
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Chapter 66.4.2 Energy recovery from
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Chapter 66.4.4 Valorisation of fluo
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Chapter 66.4.6 Scrubbing of tail ga
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6.4.7 Scrubbing of tail gases: fluo
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Chapter 66.4.8 Abatement of dust em
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Chapter 66.4.9 Waste water treatmen
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Chapter 6Cross-media effects• 5 -
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Chapter 77 NPK AND CN7.1 General in
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Chapter 77.2 Applied processes and
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Chapter 77.2.3 Direct neutralisatio
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Chapter 7Fluorine compounds origina
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Chapter7Per tonne productkWh Nm 3 k
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Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
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Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
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7.4 Techniques to consider in the d
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Chapter7Driving force for implement
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Chapter7Achieved environmental bene
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Chapter77.4.6 Recycling warm airDes
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Chapter77.4.7 Optimising the recycl
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Chapter7Operational dataThe volume
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Chapter77.4.11 Recycling of scrubbi
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Chapter77.4.12 Waste water treatmen
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Chapter7ParameterLevelmg/Nm 3Phosph
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Chapter 88.2 Applied processes and
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Chapter 88.2.1.1 Particle formation
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Chapter 8Consumption of Per tonne u
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Chapter 8Per tonne urea Unit Remark
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Chapter 8Waste water per tonne urea
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Chapter 8Pollutant Source g/tonne u
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Chapter 8Plant Emission Amount (ton
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Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
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Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
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Chapter 88.4.6 Redirecting fines to
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Chapter 8Existing plantCase 2Revamp
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Chapter 88.4.8 Heat integration in
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Chapter 88.4.9 Combined condensatio
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Chapter 88.4.10 Minimisation of NH
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Chapter 8Other approaches to proces
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Chapter 88.5 BAT for Urea and UANBA
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Chapter 9Country Company LocationBe
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Chapter 99.2.2 NeutralisationThe ex
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Chapter 9Scrubbing devices• packe
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Chapter 9Pollutant mg/Nm 3 g/tonne
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Chapter 99.4 Techniques to consider
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Chapter 99.4.2 Recovery of residual
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Chapter 99.4.3 Energy consideration
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Chapter 99.4.4 Steam purification a
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Chapter 99.4.5 Autothermal granulat
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Chapter 9ApplicabilityIrrigated can
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Chapter 1010 SUPERPHOSPHATES10.1 Ge
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Chapter 10Emissionto airEmissionto
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Chapter 10Input Indirect granulatio
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Chapter 10Volume5 - 10 m 3 /hourTem
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Chapter 1010.4.2 Recovery and abate
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Chapter 1010.4.4 Recycling of scrub
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Chapter 1111 CONCLUDING REMARKS11.1
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Chapter 11Production of HNO 3 : De-
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References26 Dipankar Das (1998).
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References89 Kuiper (2001). "High t
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References147 Uhde (2006). "The Uhd
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GlossaryCalculation of steam proper
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GlossaryIPCCIPPCISO 14001Intergover
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GlossaryChemical formulasAl 2 O 3Ca
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Annexes14 ANNEXES14.1 Cost calculat
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