Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net

More documents

Recommendations

Info

7.4.7 Optimising the recycle ratio to granulation ..................................................................3097.4.8 Conversion of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 . 4 H 2 O into CN.....................................................................3107.4.9 Multistage scrubbing of exhaust gas containing NO x ...................................................3127.4.10 Combined treatment of exhaust gases from neutralisation/ evaporation and granulation......................................................................................................................................3147.4.11 Recycling of scrubbing and washing liquors................................................................3177.4.12 Waste water treatment ..................................................................................................3197.5 BAT for NPK fertilisers..........................................................................................................3208 UREA AND UAN ...........................................................................................................................3238.1 General information................................................................................................................3238.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................3248.2.1 Urea ..............................................................................................................................3248.2.1.1 Particle formation .................................................................................................3268.2.2 UAN .............................................................................................................................3268.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................3278.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................3378.4.1 Conventional total recycling process............................................................................3378.4.2 CO 2 stripping process ...................................................................................................3398.4.3 NH 3 stripping process...................................................................................................3418.4.4 Isobaric double recycling process (IDR) ......................................................................3438.4.5 Safe NH 3 washing from inerts ......................................................................................3458.4.6 Redirecting fines to the concentrated urea solution......................................................3468.4.7 Revamping conventional plants with stripping technology..........................................3478.4.8 Heat integration in stripping plants...............................................................................3508.4.9 Combined condensation and reaction in one vessel .....................................................3528.4.10 Minimisation of NH 3 emissions from granulation........................................................3548.4.11 Treatment of exhaust gas from prilling/granulation .....................................................3558.4.12 Process water treatment ................................................................................................3578.4.13 Monitoring of key performance parameters .................................................................3598.4.14 UAN: partial recycle CO 2 stripping..............................................................................3618.5 BAT for Urea and UAN .........................................................................................................3629 AN AND CAN.................................................................................................................................3639.1 General information................................................................................................................3639.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................3659.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................3659.2.2 Neutralisation ...............................................................................................................3669.2.3 Evaporation...................................................................................................................3679.2.4 Process steam purification ............................................................................................3679.2.5 Prilling and granulation ................................................................................................3689.2.5.1 Prilling ..................................................................................................................3689.2.5.2 Granulation ...........................................................................................................3689.2.6 Cooling .........................................................................................................................3699.2.7 Conditioning.................................................................................................................3699.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................3709.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................3749.4.1 Optimisation of the neutralisation section ....................................................................3749.4.2 Recovery of residual heat for chilling process water....................................................3769.4.3 Energy considerations and steam export ......................................................................3789.4.4 Steam purification and treatment/recycling of condensates .........................................3809.4.5 Autothermal granulation...............................................................................................3829.4.6 Exhaust gas treatment...................................................................................................3839.5 BAT for AN/CAN ..................................................................................................................38510 SUPERPHOSPHATES..................................................................................................................38710.1 General information................................................................................................................38710.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................38810.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................38810.2.2 Raw materials ...............................................................................................................38810.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................39010.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................39410.4.1 Avoiding diffuse emissions from curing ......................................................................39410.4.2 Recovery and abatement of dust from rock grinding....................................................395xviiiLarge Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers
10.4.3 Fluoride recovery and abatement ................................................................................. 39610.4.4 Recycling of scrubbing liquids back into the process .................................................. 39710.5 BAT for superphosphates....................................................................................................... 39811 CONCLUDING REMARKS ........................................................................................................ 39911.1 Quality of the information exchange...................................................................................... 39911.2 Recommendations for future work......................................................................................... 40012 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 40313 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 40914 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... 41714.1 Cost calculations for retrofitting H 2 SO 4 plants....................................................................... 417Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisersxix
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN COMMISSIONIntegrated Pollu
Page 3 and 4: Executive SummaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYT
Page 5 and 6: Executive SummaryII.Production and
Page 7 and 8: Executive Summarybed, using a cesiu
Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryConversion process
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryBAT is to treat al
Page 13 and 14: PrefacePREFACE1. Status of this doc
Page 15 and 16: Preface5. How to understand and use
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.4.2 Gasification of heavy hydro
Page 19: 5.4.2 Hemihydrate process (HH) ....
Page 23 and 24: Figure 8.1: Overview of the product
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.20: Energy balance of a dou
Page 27: ScopeSCOPEThis document on Large Vo
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 197 % of nitrogen fertilise
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 11.1.2.3 High exhaust gas v
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 1the SSD of NPK does not le
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 11,8Relative production cap
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 11.2.3 Supply of steam and
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 1ApplicabilityGenerally app
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 11.4.3 Handling excess stea
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 11.4.5 Optimisation/mainten
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1Operational dataNo informa
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 1ApplicabilityEspecially ap
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 11.4.9 Environmental manage
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 1(v) Documentation- establi
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison w
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 1A number of studies show t
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 11.5 Common BATIn understan
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 11.5.2 BAT for environmenta
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 2Location CompanyCapacity F
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 22.2.2 Output from ammonia
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 22.2.3.2 Primary reformingT
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 2Process name Solvent/reage
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 22.2.4 Partial oxidationThe
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 2In the moving bed process,
Page 76 and 77:
Chapter 22.2.6 Storage and transfer
Page 78 and 79:
Chapter 2Production process Feedsto
Page 80 and 81:
Chapter 22.3.2 NO x emissionsTable
Page 82 and 83:
Chapter 22.3.3 Other consumption le
Page 84 and 85:
Chapter 2ParameterProcessEmission l
Page 86 and 87:
Chapter 22.4 Techniques to consider
Page 88 and 89:
Chapter 22.4.2 Processes with reduc
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 22.4.3 Heat exchange autoth
Page 92 and 93:
Chapter 22.4.4 Revamp: increase cap
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 22.4.5 Pre-reformingDescrip
Page 96 and 97:
Chapter 2ApplicabilityGenerally app
Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 22.4.7 Advanced process con
Page 100 and 101:
Chapter 22.4.9 Combined Claus unit
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 2Operational dataSee Descri
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter 22.4.12 Preheating of combu
Page 106 and 107:
Chapter 22.4.14 Isothermal shift co
Page 108 and 109:
Chapter 22.4.16 Stripping and recyc
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 22.4.18 Use of sulphur resi
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 22.4.20 Indirect cooling of
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 22.4.22 Ammonia removal fro
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 22.4.24 Metal recovery and
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 2Driving force for implemen
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 22.5 BAT for ammoniaBAT is
Page 123 and 124:
Chapter 33 NITRIC ACID3.1 General i
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter 3Pressure in bar Temperatur
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 33.2.5 Tail gas properties
Page 129 and 130:
Chapter 33.3 Current emission and c
Page 131 and 132:
Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 3140120Generation factor %1
Page 141 and 142:
Chapter 33.4.2 Optimisation of the
Page 143 and 144:
Chapter 33.4.3 Alternative oxidatio
Page 145 and 146:
Chapter 33.4.4 Optimisation of the
Page 147 and 148:
Chapter 3Achieved environmental ben
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 33.4.5 N 2 O decomposition
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 33.4.6 Catalytic N 2 O deco
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 3According to [89, Kuiper,
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 33.4.7 Combined NO x and N
Page 157 and 158:
Chapter 3EconomicsInvestment costs.
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 3Operational dataSee descri
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 3NOx removal efficiency in
Page 163 and 164:
Chapter 33.4.10 Addition of H 2 O 2
Page 165 and 166:
Chapter 33.4.11 NO X reduction duri
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 3Installing a low temperatu
Page 169 and 170:
Chapter 3NO x emission level as NO
Page 171:
Chapter 3Operational dataNo specifi
Page 174 and 175:
Chapter 4Country Company Location C
Page 176 and 177:
Chapter 4Country Company Location C
Page 178 and 179:
Chapter 4Figure 4.2 gives an overvi
Page 180 and 181:
Chapter 4Two general converter type
Page 182 and 183:
Chapter 4Figure 4.6 gives an impres
Page 184 and 185:
Chapter 44.2.3 Sulphur sources and
Page 186 and 187:
Chapter 44.2.3.5 Non-ferrous metal
Page 188 and 189:
Chapter 4Sulphur source/SO 2 produc
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Chapter 410Tail gas specific SO2 lo
Page 194 and 195:
Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 196 and 197:
Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 198 and 199:
Chapter 4SO 2 sourceSpent acid and
Page 200 and 201:
Chapter 4Cross-media effectsWithout
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Chapter 44.4.3 Addition of a 5 th b
Page 206 and 207:
Chapter 44.4.4 Application of a Cs-
Page 208 and 209:
Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
Page 210 and 211:
Chapter 44.4.6 Replacement of brick
Page 212 and 213:
Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
Page 214 and 215:
Chapter 4PlantSO 2 sourceInlet SO 2
Page 216 and 217:
Chapter 44.4.10 Combination of SCR
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Chapter 44.4.14 Monitoring of SO 2
Page 224 and 225:
Chapter 4EconomicsCost benefits can
Page 226 and 227:
Chapter 4Energy inputRecovery and l
Page 228 and 229:
Chapter 44.4.16 Minimisation and ab
Page 230 and 231:
Chapter 44.4.17 Minimisation of NO
Page 232 and 233:
Chapter 44.4.19 Tail gas scrubbing
Page 234 and 235:
Chapter 44.4.21 Tail gas treatment:
Page 236 and 237:
Chapter 4Economics[58, TAK-S, 2003]
Page 238 and 239:
Chapter 4EconomicsNo specific infor
Page 240 and 241:
Chapter 4BAT is to minimise and red
Page 242 and 243:
Chapter 55.2 Applied processes and
Page 244 and 245:
Chapter 55.2.2.1 Raw materials5.2.2
Page 246 and 247:
Chapter 5OriginChinaMine/regionRare
Page 248 and 249:
Chapter 55.2.2.2 GrindingDepending
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Chapter 5Emission of mg/l g/tonne P
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Chapter 55.4.2 Hemihydrate process
Page 258 and 259:
Chapter 55.4.3 Hemi-dihydrate recry
Page 260 and 261:
Chapter 55.4.4 Hemi-dihydrate recry
Page 262 and 263:
Chapter 55.4.5 Di-hemihydrate recry
Page 264 and 265:
Chapter 55.4.6 RepulpingDescription
Page 266 and 267:
Chapter 55.4.7 Fluoride recovery an
Page 268 and 269:
Chapter 55.4.8 Recovery and abateme
Page 270 and 271:
Chapter 5Operational dataNo informa
Page 272 and 273:
Chapter 55.4.11 Decadmation of H 3
Page 274 and 275:
Chapter 55.4.12 Use of entrainment
Page 276 and 277:
Chapter 5Cross-media effects• dis
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Chapter 5Cross-media effectsTable 5
Page 282 and 283:
Chapter 5ApplicabilityAt present, o
Page 285 and 286:
Chapter 66 HYDROFLUORIC ACID6.1 Gen
Page 287 and 288:
Chapter 6Component Portion (mass co
Page 289 and 290:
Chapter 66.2.4 Process gas treatmen
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Chapter 6Emission of kg/tonne HF Re
Page 295 and 296:
6.4 Techniques to consider in the d
Page 297 and 298:
Chapter 66.4.2 Energy recovery from
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter 66.4.4 Valorisation of fluo
Page 301 and 302:
Chapter 66.4.6 Scrubbing of tail ga
Page 303 and 304:
6.4.7 Scrubbing of tail gases: fluo
Page 305 and 306:
Chapter 66.4.8 Abatement of dust em
Page 307 and 308:
Chapter 66.4.9 Waste water treatmen
Page 309 and 310:
Chapter 6Cross-media effects• 5 -
Page 311 and 312:
Chapter 77 NPK AND CN7.1 General in
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Chapter 77.2.3 Direct neutralisatio
Page 317 and 318:
Chapter 7Fluorine compounds origina
Page 319 and 320:
Chapter7Per tonne productkWh Nm 3 k
Page 321 and 322:
Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
Page 323 and 324:
Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
Page 325 and 326:
7.4 Techniques to consider in the d
Page 327 and 328:
Chapter7Driving force for implement
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Chapter7Achieved environmental bene
Page 335 and 336:
Chapter77.4.6 Recycling warm airDes
Page 337 and 338:
Chapter77.4.7 Optimising the recycl
Page 339 and 340:
Chapter7Operational dataThe volume
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Chapter77.4.11 Recycling of scrubbi
Page 347 and 348:
Chapter77.4.12 Waste water treatmen
Page 349:
Chapter7ParameterLevelmg/Nm 3Phosph
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Chapter 88.2.1.1 Particle formation
Page 356 and 357:
Chapter 8Consumption of Per tonne u
Page 358 and 359:
Chapter 8Per tonne urea Unit Remark
Page 360 and 361:
Chapter 8Waste water per tonne urea
Page 362 and 363:
Chapter 8Pollutant Source g/tonne u
Page 364 and 365:
Chapter 8Plant Emission Amount (ton
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
Page 370 and 371:
Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Chapter 88.4.6 Redirecting fines to
Page 376 and 377:
Chapter 8Existing plantCase 2Revamp
Page 378 and 379:
Chapter 88.4.8 Heat integration in
Page 380 and 381:
Chapter 88.4.9 Combined condensatio
Page 382 and 383:
Chapter 88.4.10 Minimisation of NH
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386 and 387:
Chapter 8Other approaches to proces
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
Chapter 88.5 BAT for Urea and UANBA
Page 392 and 393:
Chapter 9Country Company LocationBe
Page 394 and 395:
Chapter 99.2.2 NeutralisationThe ex
Page 396 and 397:
Chapter 9Scrubbing devices• packe
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Chapter 9Pollutant mg/Nm 3 g/tonne
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Chapter 99.4.2 Recovery of residual
Page 406 and 407:
Chapter 99.4.3 Energy consideration
Page 408 and 409:
Chapter 99.4.4 Steam purification a
Page 410 and 411:
Chapter 99.4.5 Autothermal granulat
Page 412 and 413:
Chapter 9ApplicabilityIrrigated can
Page 415 and 416:
Chapter 1010 SUPERPHOSPHATES10.1 Ge
Page 417 and 418:
Chapter 10Emissionto airEmissionto
Page 419 and 420:
Chapter 10Input Indirect granulatio
Page 421 and 422:
Chapter 10Volume5 - 10 m 3 /hourTem
Page 423 and 424:
Chapter 1010.4.2 Recovery and abate
Page 425 and 426:
Chapter 1010.4.4 Recycling of scrub
Page 427 and 428:
Chapter 1111 CONCLUDING REMARKS11.1
Page 429:
Chapter 11Production of HNO 3 : De-
Page 432 and 433:
References26 Dipankar Das (1998).
Page 434 and 435:
References89 Kuiper (2001). "High t
Page 436 and 437:
References147 Uhde (2006). "The Uhd
Page 438 and 439:
GlossaryCalculation of steam proper
Page 440 and 441:
GlossaryIPCCIPPCISO 14001Intergover
Page 442 and 443:
GlossaryChemical formulasAl 2 O 3Ca
Page 445 and 446:
Annexes14 ANNEXES14.1 Cost calculat
show all

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?