Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia ... - ammk-rks.net

7.4.7 Optimising the recycle ratio to granulation ..................................................................3097.4.8 Conversion of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 . 4 H 2 O into CN.....................................................................3107.4.9 Multistage scrubbing of exhaust gas containing NO x ...................................................3127.4.10 Combined treatment of exhaust gases from neutralisation/ evaporation and granulation......................................................................................................................................3147.4.11 Recycling of scrubbing and washing liquors................................................................3177.4.12 Waste water treatment ..................................................................................................3197.5 BAT for NPK fertilisers..........................................................................................................3208 UREA AND UAN ...........................................................................................................................3238.1 General information................................................................................................................3238.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................3248.2.1 Urea ..............................................................................................................................3248.2.1.1 Particle formation .................................................................................................3268.2.2 UAN .............................................................................................................................3268.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................3278.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................3378.4.1 Conventional total recycling process............................................................................3378.4.2 CO 2 stripping process ...................................................................................................3398.4.3 NH 3 stripping process...................................................................................................3418.4.4 Isobaric double recycling process (IDR) ......................................................................3438.4.5 Safe NH 3 washing from inerts ......................................................................................3458.4.6 Redirecting fines to the concentrated urea solution......................................................3468.4.7 Revamping conventional plants with stripping technology..........................................3478.4.8 Heat integration in stripping plants...............................................................................3508.4.9 Combined condensation and reaction in one vessel .....................................................3528.4.10 Minimisation of NH 3 emissions from granulation........................................................3548.4.11 Treatment of exhaust gas from prilling/granulation .....................................................3558.4.12 Process water treatment ................................................................................................3578.4.13 Monitoring of key performance parameters .................................................................3598.4.14 UAN: partial recycle CO 2 stripping..............................................................................3618.5 BAT for Urea and UAN .........................................................................................................3629 AN AND CAN.................................................................................................................................3639.1 General information................................................................................................................3639.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................3659.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................3659.2.2 Neutralisation ...............................................................................................................3669.2.3 Evaporation...................................................................................................................3679.2.4 Process steam purification ............................................................................................3679.2.5 Prilling and granulation ................................................................................................3689.2.5.1 Prilling ..................................................................................................................3689.2.5.2 Granulation ...........................................................................................................3689.2.6 Cooling .........................................................................................................................3699.2.7 Conditioning.................................................................................................................3699.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................3709.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................3749.4.1 Optimisation of the neutralisation section ....................................................................3749.4.2 Recovery of residual heat for chilling process water....................................................3769.4.3 Energy considerations and steam export ......................................................................3789.4.4 Steam purification and treatment/recycling of condensates .........................................3809.4.5 Autothermal granulation...............................................................................................3829.4.6 Exhaust gas treatment...................................................................................................3839.5 BAT for AN/CAN ..................................................................................................................38510 SUPERPHOSPHATES..................................................................................................................38710.1 General information................................................................................................................38710.2 Applied processes and techniques ..........................................................................................38810.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................38810.2.2 Raw materials ...............................................................................................................38810.3 Current emission and consumption levels ..............................................................................39010.4 Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT .............................................................39410.4.1 Avoiding diffuse emissions from curing ......................................................................39410.4.2 Recovery and abatement of dust from rock grinding....................................................395xviiiLarge Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers