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Chapter 410Tail gas specific SO2 load in kg/tonne H2SO4 (100 %)987654321098,7 98,8 98,9 99 99,1 99,2 99,3 99,4 99,5 99,6 99,7 99,8 99,9 100SO 2 conversion rate in %Figure 4.9: Correlation between SO 2 conversion rates and specific SO 2 loads in tail gasesThis figure is based on [57, Austrian UBA, 2001, 58, TAK-S, 2003]164 Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers
Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 % H2SO4/daySO 2 sourceProcess type/abatementsystemNumber of bedsCs promotedcatalyst?Inlet SO 2% v/vVariationof inletSO 2Conversion rate %SO 2 emissionkg/tonnemg/m 3H 2 SO 4Reference20H 2 S in coke ovengasSingle contact 4 2 99.5 430 4.5 VOEST Linz690 Elemental sulphur Double contact 4 9.5 99.7 – 99.8 600 – 700 2.1 Donau Chemie66146Elemental sulphur+ rich gases fromviscose productionElemental sulphur+ lean and richgases from viscoseproductionCombinedwet/dry doublecontactWet catalyticprocess + H 2 O 2scrubber4 8 99.8 500 1.18 Lenzing AG2 5.998.899.9 xxx 170Lenzing AG(new line)270 Elemental sulphur Double contact 4 11 – 11.5 99.8 810 1.4 Lenzing AG17Rich gases fromviscose productionWet catalyticprocess (singlecatalyst layer),WESP18400mg/Nm 3 99 120 9 Glanzstoff Austria850 Elemental sulphur Double contact 4 10.5 – 11.5 99.7 – 99.8 1.7 INEOS Enterprises2000Spent acids,sulphate roastingDouble contact 4 < 8.0 99.5 – 99.71300 Copper ore Double contact 5 5 – 12 99.81300 Copper ore Double contact 4 5 – 12 99.7 – 99.81300 Copper ore Double contact 4 5 – 12 99.7 – 99.8Sachtleben Chemie GmbH,DuisburgNorddeutsche Affinerie750 Zinc ore Double contact 4 99.7 – 99.8 Ruhr Zink GmbH750 Elemental sulphur Double contact 4 99.7 – 99.8 Grillo Werke, Frankfurt600Spent acid, FeSO 4 ,pyriteDouble contact 5 99.7 – 99.8 Kerr McGee, Krefeld768 Elemental sulphur Double contact 5 99.8 – 99.9 Domo Caproleuna GmbHBLarge Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers 165
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EUROPEAN COMMISSIONIntegrated Pollu
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Executive SummaryEXECUTIVE SUMMARYT
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Executive SummaryII.Production and
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Executive Summarybed, using a cesiu
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Executive SummaryConversion process
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Executive SummaryBAT is to treat al
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PrefacePREFACE1. Status of this doc
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Preface5. How to understand and use
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2.2.4.2 Gasification of heavy hydro
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5.4.2 Hemihydrate process (HH) ....
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10.4.3 Fluoride recovery and abatem
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Figure 8.1: Overview of the product
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Table 4.20: Energy balance of a dou
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ScopeSCOPEThis document on Large Vo
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Chapter 197 % of nitrogen fertilise
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Chapter 11.1.2.3 High exhaust gas v
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Chapter 1the SSD of NPK does not le
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Chapter 11,8Relative production cap
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Chapter 11.2.3 Supply of steam and
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Chapter 11.3 Overview of emissions
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 11.4.3 Handling excess stea
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Chapter 11.4.5 Optimisation/mainten
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Chapter 1Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 1ApplicabilityEspecially ap
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Chapter 11.4.9 Environmental manage
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Chapter 1(v) Documentation- establi
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Chapter 1iv. allow for comparison w
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Chapter 1A number of studies show t
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Chapter 11.5 Common BATIn understan
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Chapter 11.5.2 BAT for environmenta
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Chapter 2Location CompanyCapacity F
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Chapter 22.2.2 Output from ammonia
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Chapter 22.2.3.2 Primary reformingT
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Chapter 2Process name Solvent/reage
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Chapter 22.2.4 Partial oxidationThe
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Chapter 2In the moving bed process,
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Chapter 22.2.6 Storage and transfer
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Chapter 2Production process Feedsto
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Chapter 22.3.2 NO x emissionsTable
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Chapter 22.3.3 Other consumption le
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Chapter 2ParameterProcessEmission l
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Chapter 22.4 Techniques to consider
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Chapter 22.4.2 Processes with reduc
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Chapter 22.4.3 Heat exchange autoth
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Chapter 22.4.4 Revamp: increase cap
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Chapter 22.4.5 Pre-reformingDescrip
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Chapter 2ApplicabilityGenerally app
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Chapter 22.4.7 Advanced process con
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Chapter 22.4.9 Combined Claus unit
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Chapter 2Operational dataSee Descri
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Chapter 22.4.12 Preheating of combu
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Chapter 22.4.14 Isothermal shift co
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Chapter 22.4.16 Stripping and recyc
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Chapter 22.4.18 Use of sulphur resi
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Chapter 22.4.20 Indirect cooling of
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Chapter 22.4.22 Ammonia removal fro
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Chapter 22.4.24 Metal recovery and
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Chapter 2Driving force for implemen
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Chapter 22.5 BAT for ammoniaBAT is
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Chapter 33 NITRIC ACID3.1 General i
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Chapter 3Pressure in bar Temperatur
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Chapter 33.2.5 Tail gas properties
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Chapter 33.3 Current emission and c
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3N 2 O emission levelProces
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3Process typeNO x emission
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Chapter 3140120Generation factor %1
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 33.4.2 Optimisation of the
Page 143 and 144: Chapter 33.4.3 Alternative oxidatio
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 33.4.4 Optimisation of the
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 3Achieved environmental ben
Page 149 and 150: Chapter 33.4.5 N 2 O decomposition
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 33.4.6 Catalytic N 2 O deco
Page 153 and 154: Chapter 3According to [89, Kuiper,
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 33.4.7 Combined NO x and N
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 3EconomicsInvestment costs.
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 3Operational dataSee descri
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 3NOx removal efficiency in
Page 163 and 164: Chapter 33.4.10 Addition of H 2 O 2
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 33.4.11 NO X reduction duri
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 3Installing a low temperatu
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 3NO x emission level as NO
Page 171: Chapter 3Operational dataNo specifi
Page 174 and 175: Chapter 4Country Company Location C
Page 176 and 177: Chapter 4Country Company Location C
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 4Figure 4.2 gives an overvi
Page 180 and 181: Chapter 4Two general converter type
Page 182 and 183: Chapter 4Figure 4.6 gives an impres
Page 184 and 185: Chapter 44.2.3 Sulphur sources and
Page 186 and 187: Chapter 44.2.3.5 Non-ferrous metal
Page 188 and 189: Chapter 4Sulphur source/SO 2 produc
Page 190 and 191: Chapter 44.3 Current emission and c
Page 194 and 195: Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 4Capacity in tonnesof 100 %
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 4SO 2 sourceSpent acid and
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 4Cross-media effectsWithout
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 44.4.3 Addition of a 5 th b
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 44.4.4 Application of a Cs-
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 44.4.6 Replacement of brick
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 4EUR/yearWaste gas volume (
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 4PlantSO 2 sourceInlet SO 2
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 44.4.10 Combination of SCR
Page 220 and 221: Chapter 4Driving force for implemen
Page 222 and 223: Chapter 44.4.14 Monitoring of SO 2
Page 224 and 225: Chapter 4EconomicsCost benefits can
Page 226 and 227: Chapter 4Energy inputRecovery and l
Page 228 and 229: Chapter 44.4.16 Minimisation and ab
Page 230 and 231: Chapter 44.4.17 Minimisation of NO
Page 232 and 233: Chapter 44.4.19 Tail gas scrubbing
Page 234 and 235: Chapter 44.4.21 Tail gas treatment:
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 4Economics[58, TAK-S, 2003]
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 4EconomicsNo specific infor
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 4BAT is to minimise and red
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Chapter 55.2 Applied processes and
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Chapter 55.2.2.1 Raw materials5.2.2
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Chapter 5OriginChinaMine/regionRare
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Chapter 55.2.2.2 GrindingDepending
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Chapter 5Emission of mg/l g/tonne P
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Chapter 55.4.2 Hemihydrate process
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Chapter 55.4.3 Hemi-dihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.4 Hemi-dihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.5 Di-hemihydrate recry
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Chapter 55.4.6 RepulpingDescription
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Chapter 55.4.7 Fluoride recovery an
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Chapter 55.4.8 Recovery and abateme
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Chapter 5Operational dataNo informa
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Chapter 55.4.11 Decadmation of H 3
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Chapter 55.4.12 Use of entrainment
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Chapter 5Cross-media effects• dis
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Chapter 5Cross-media effectsTable 5
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Chapter 5ApplicabilityAt present, o
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Chapter 66 HYDROFLUORIC ACID6.1 Gen
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Chapter 6Component Portion (mass co
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Chapter 66.2.4 Process gas treatmen
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Chapter 6Emission of kg/tonne HF Re
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6.4 Techniques to consider in the d
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Chapter 66.4.2 Energy recovery from
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Chapter 66.4.4 Valorisation of fluo
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Chapter 66.4.6 Scrubbing of tail ga
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6.4.7 Scrubbing of tail gases: fluo
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Chapter 66.4.8 Abatement of dust em
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Chapter 66.4.9 Waste water treatmen
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Chapter 6Cross-media effects• 5 -
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Chapter 77 NPK AND CN7.1 General in
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Chapter 77.2.3 Direct neutralisatio
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Chapter 7Fluorine compounds origina
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Chapter7Per tonne productkWh Nm 3 k
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Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
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Chapter7Emission levelmg/Nm 3 ppm k
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7.4 Techniques to consider in the d
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Chapter7Driving force for implement
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Chapter7Achieved environmental bene
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Chapter77.4.6 Recycling warm airDes
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Chapter77.4.7 Optimising the recycl
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Chapter7Operational dataThe volume
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Chapter77.4.11 Recycling of scrubbi
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Chapter77.4.12 Waste water treatmen
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Chapter7ParameterLevelmg/Nm 3Phosph
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Chapter 88.2.1.1 Particle formation
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Chapter 8Consumption of Per tonne u
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Chapter 8Per tonne urea Unit Remark
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Chapter 8Waste water per tonne urea
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Chapter 8Pollutant Source g/tonne u
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Chapter 8Plant Emission Amount (ton
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Chapter 8Achieved environmental ben
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Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
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Chapter 8Operational dataSee Table
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Chapter 88.4.6 Redirecting fines to
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Chapter 8Existing plantCase 2Revamp
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Chapter 88.4.8 Heat integration in
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Chapter 88.4.9 Combined condensatio
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Chapter 88.4.10 Minimisation of NH
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Chapter 8Other approaches to proces
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Chapter 88.5 BAT for Urea and UANBA
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Chapter 9Country Company LocationBe
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Chapter 99.2.2 NeutralisationThe ex
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Chapter 9Scrubbing devices• packe
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Chapter 9Pollutant mg/Nm 3 g/tonne
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Chapter 99.4.2 Recovery of residual
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Chapter 99.4.3 Energy consideration
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Chapter 99.4.4 Steam purification a
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Chapter 99.4.5 Autothermal granulat
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Chapter 9ApplicabilityIrrigated can
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Chapter 1010 SUPERPHOSPHATES10.1 Ge
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Chapter 10Emissionto airEmissionto
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Chapter 10Input Indirect granulatio
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Chapter 10Volume5 - 10 m 3 /hourTem
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Chapter 1010.4.2 Recovery and abate
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Chapter 1010.4.4 Recycling of scrub
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Chapter 1111 CONCLUDING REMARKS11.1
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Chapter 11Production of HNO 3 : De-
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References26 Dipankar Das (1998).
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References89 Kuiper (2001). "High t
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References147 Uhde (2006). "The Uhd
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GlossaryCalculation of steam proper
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GlossaryIPCCIPPCISO 14001Intergover
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GlossaryChemical formulasAl 2 O 3Ca
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Annexes14 ANNEXES14.1 Cost calculat
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