multi-agent systems for container terminal management
multi-agent systems for container terminal management multi-agent systems for container terminal management
Multi-Agent Systems for Container Terminal Managementutilization of the available resources, or implementing new methods ortechnologies. Researchers and scientists have been studying variousmethods, solutions and techniques for assisting CTs.In this paper an overview of published research literature wasconducted in order to ascertain the “state-of-the-art” in this area. Thereviewed conference papers, journal articles, technical reports andthesis were identified according to a framework (c.f. section 3 for a fulldescription of the framework). Various scholastic and academicdatabases, such as the ACM digital library, COMPENDEX,ELIN@Blekinge, EMERALD, IGENTA, and an Internet search withSCIRUS search engine.In the next section, section 2, a description of CT operating systemsis described and the concepts of performance and productivity arediscussed within the context of CT research. In section 3, theframework of analysis is described. The literature review is presentedin a systematic fashion in accordance with the framework in section 4and a classification table is constructed. The results of the literaturereview are described in section 5. Finally, in section 6 a conclusion ispresented.2 Background to Container Terminals and ConceptsTraditionally, seaports focused exclusively on the berth [6]. With theadvent of containers, however, the need to integrate activities andspecialized services beyond the quay has led to the development ofmany types of terminal operations to assist in the planning and controlof CTs. CT management must consider the operating system(s)employed by the CT system when attempting to improve the planningand control decisions. Most of the research papers that were surveyedhave attempted to improve the performance or the operating systemsused in the ports or CTs studied. According to D´Hondt [7] and DeMonie [8], the CT industry has developed four main types of operatingsystems, based on specific equipment used, in order to manage theflow of containers. An additional type of operating system that hasbeen gaining much attention since its inception at Rotterdam in 1993 isthe use of AGVs (automated guided vehicles) [9]. A few CTs areemploying AGVs and the attention to such automation systems isincreasing, c.f. Euromax in Rotterdam and CTA in Hamburg [10].28
Paper I: A Review of Decision Support Systems in Container Terminal OperationsThere follows brief description of the five operating systems employedin CTs:(1) Wheeled (road chassis): Commonly employed in NorthAmerica, in which containers are moved directly to and fromthe terminal on road chassis. The containers are placed on roadchassis and then parked; obviously this operation system takesa lot of space due to the fact that the containers are not stacked.Although wheeled operations requires more space than otherhandling systems, the benefit of this system is that handling isreduced to a minimum. A picture of a wheeled system ispresented in Figure 2.Figure 2. Picture of a wheeled operation in Norfolk, US(Source: courtesy of Virginia Port Authority, US)(2) Straddle Carrier (SC): A dual task machine providing bothhorizontal transport and vertical stacking of the container.Stacking capacity of a SC varies; from being able to put just onecontainer on another container to being able to build stackscontaining up to five containers. A SC can operate at anylocation in the yard at any time and can support the highoperating rates of the quay crane. One obvious advantage isthat containers can be picked from the stack and placed underthe gantry crane without waiting for the quay crane’smovement. A picture of a SC employed in Antwerp, Belgium,is presented in Figure 3.29
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Paper I: A Review of Decision Support Systems in Container Terminal OperationsThere follows brief description of the five operating <strong>systems</strong> employedin CTs:(1) Wheeled (road chassis): Commonly employed in NorthAmerica, in which <strong>container</strong>s are moved directly to and fromthe <strong>terminal</strong> on road chassis. The <strong>container</strong>s are placed on roadchassis and then parked; obviously this operation system takesa lot of space due to the fact that the <strong>container</strong>s are not stacked.Although wheeled operations requires more space than otherhandling <strong>systems</strong>, the benefit of this system is that handling isreduced to a minimum. A picture of a wheeled system ispresented in Figure 2.Figure 2. Picture of a wheeled operation in Norfolk, US(Source: courtesy of Virginia Port Authority, US)(2) Straddle Carrier (SC): A dual task machine providing bothhorizontal transport and vertical stacking of the <strong>container</strong>.Stacking capacity of a SC varies; from being able to put just one<strong>container</strong> on another <strong>container</strong> to being able to build stackscontaining up to five <strong>container</strong>s. A SC can operate at anylocation in the yard at any time and can support the highoperating rates of the quay crane. One obvious advantage isthat <strong>container</strong>s can be picked from the stack and placed underthe gantry crane without waiting <strong>for</strong> the quay crane’smovement. A picture of a SC employed in Antwerp, Belgium,is presented in Figure 3.29
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