Myanmar - Global Tiger Initiative
Myanmar - Global Tiger Initiative Myanmar - Global Tiger Initiative
National Tiger Action Plan for The Union of Myanmar6.7.1 Choice of study areas – Given the time frame of the project (3 years) it was not possibleto investigate tiger occurrence in all forest areas. Using information from historical recordsand potential tiger areas, 17 sites with the highest probability of supporting tigers werechosen for survey (Fig. 9.). These areas represented a non-random subset of availablelandscape and habitat options for tigers spanning the geographic extent of the country fromapproximately 11 o -27 o N, and 93 o -99 o 30’E.1. Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park (AKNP)2. Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary (HTM)3. Thaungdut Reserve Forest (TD)4. Mahamyaing Reserve Forest (MHM)5. Nankamu Reserve Forest (NKM)6. Saramati Taung (SRMT)7. Paunglaung Catchment (PGL)8. Panlaung Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary (PPDL)9. Central Bago Yoma (BGY)10.N. Rakhine (RN) or Paletwa and Kaladan river catchment11.Rakhine Elephant Range (RER)12.Hukaung Valley (HKV)13.Khaunglanphu (KLP)14.Sumprabum (SBP)15.Momeik-Mabain (MB)16.Myintmoletkat (MMLK)17.S. Taninthayi (TNTY)Descriptions of each site are given in Appendix I.6.7.2. Interview surveys - Interviews of people living in suspected tiger areas are potentiallyuseful because they draw upon local knowledge of wildlife accumulated over long periodsof time, and may help determine the status and identify threats to tigers and other mammals(Rabinowitz 1993b). However, the reliability of information to be gained depends upon anumber of factors, especially the correct interpretation of local information by the interviewer(Duckworth 1999), the manner and disposition of the interviewer, and how the intervieweeperceives this. An interview protocol (Appendix V) was designed during the tiger-trainingcourse (Lynam et al. 1999) and this was used by Myanmar-speaking interviewers to gainindirect evidence on tiger occurrence in the 17 potential areas. Direct survey was done inand around locations of the most recent reliable reports of tigers from interviewees.6.7.3 Track and sign - Large mammals produce tracks, faeces, scrapes, scratches, kills andother sign so that under certain circumstances the substrates on wildlife trails, streambeds,and ridges may indicate their recent presence (Wilson et al. 1996). However, there is significantvariation in the size, shape and appearance of tracks and sign of some groups; includinglarge cats (Duckworth & Hedges 1998; Kanchanasakha et al. 1998) so that tiger may beconfused with other species (Lynam et al. 1999). For these reasons sign was considered notsufficient for the identification to species level for cats, dogs, civets, deer, muntjac, wild28.
Part 6: Historical Data, Field Survey Methods and Data Analysiscattle, and otters. However, the abundance of sign was generally indicative of the level ofmammal traffic in an area. Ungulate sign was additionally used to indicate possible areas ofcarnivore activity, and as such to help guide the placement of camera-traps for detecting thelatter (below).Standardized datasheets were used to record date, time of day, weather, location (latitude/longitude) type of sign, dimensions of track/sign, probable species/genus identity, age,substrate, and habitat type (Appendix VI). Locations where mammal sign was encounteredwere recorded with a Global Positioning System (GPS) device capable of resolving positioninformation beneath tree canopies, accurate to ± 100 m * (Garmin 12XL, Garmin Corporation,Kansas USA). Feline tracks with total length 120mm or pad width 7cm, and scat 3.5cmin diameter were considered to be indicative of tigers (A.J. Lynam, A. Rabinowitz & R.K.Laidlaw unpublished data; Cutter 1999; Duckworth & Hedges 1998). Where the size of afeline track was ambiguous because of the substrate or age of a track, the track was identifiedonly as “large cat” meaning either tiger or leopard. Other species were identified using afield guide to Thai mammal tracks (Green World Foundation 1999). An index of abundance“Encounter Rate (CR)” was estimated from sign surveys as ER = No. Sign detected/hr.6.7.4. Camera-trapping - Remote camera methods have been used successfully tophotographically record wildlife in tropical Asian forests (Chapman 1927; Griffiths & vanSchaik 1993). Although these devices are relatively expensive they offer a reliable methodfor inventory of species that are cryptic nocturnal or rare, including tigers (Lynam et al.2001). Passive infrared-based camera-traps (Camtrak South Inc., Georgia USA)(Fig. 11.)were used in all surveys.Fig. 11. Infrared-based camera-traps were used to detect tigers and prey species.29.
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National <strong>Tiger</strong> Action Plan for The Union of <strong>Myanmar</strong>6.7.1 Choice of study areas – Given the time frame of the project (3 years) it was not possibleto investigate tiger occurrence in all forest areas. Using information from historical recordsand potential tiger areas, 17 sites with the highest probability of supporting tigers werechosen for survey (Fig. 9.). These areas represented a non-random subset of availablelandscape and habitat options for tigers spanning the geographic extent of the country fromapproximately 11 o -27 o N, and 93 o -99 o 30’E.1. Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park (AKNP)2. Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary (HTM)3. Thaungdut Reserve Forest (TD)4. Mahamyaing Reserve Forest (MHM)5. Nankamu Reserve Forest (NKM)6. Saramati Taung (SRMT)7. Paunglaung Catchment (PGL)8. Panlaung Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary (PPDL)9. Central Bago Yoma (BGY)10.N. Rakhine (RN) or Paletwa and Kaladan river catchment11.Rakhine Elephant Range (RER)12.Hukaung Valley (HKV)13.Khaunglanphu (KLP)14.Sumprabum (SBP)15.Momeik-Mabain (MB)16.Myintmoletkat (MMLK)17.S. Taninthayi (TNTY)Descriptions of each site are given in Appendix I.6.7.2. Interview surveys - Interviews of people living in suspected tiger areas are potentiallyuseful because they draw upon local knowledge of wildlife accumulated over long periodsof time, and may help determine the status and identify threats to tigers and other mammals(Rabinowitz 1993b). However, the reliability of information to be gained depends upon anumber of factors, especially the correct interpretation of local information by the interviewer(Duckworth 1999), the manner and disposition of the interviewer, and how the intervieweeperceives this. An interview protocol (Appendix V) was designed during the tiger-trainingcourse (Lynam et al. 1999) and this was used by <strong>Myanmar</strong>-speaking interviewers to gainindirect evidence on tiger occurrence in the 17 potential areas. Direct survey was done inand around locations of the most recent reliable reports of tigers from interviewees.6.7.3 Track and sign - Large mammals produce tracks, faeces, scrapes, scratches, kills andother sign so that under certain circumstances the substrates on wildlife trails, streambeds,and ridges may indicate their recent presence (Wilson et al. 1996). However, there is significantvariation in the size, shape and appearance of tracks and sign of some groups; includinglarge cats (Duckworth & Hedges 1998; Kanchanasakha et al. 1998) so that tiger may beconfused with other species (Lynam et al. 1999). For these reasons sign was considered notsufficient for the identification to species level for cats, dogs, civets, deer, muntjac, wild28.
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