Myanmar - Global Tiger Initiative

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National Tiger Action Plan for The Union of MyanmarTable 5. A guide to research methods for tiger conservationKnowledge Base Goal TechniqueNo information Determine occupancy Sign surveys for tigers 1Determine occupancy Camera trap surveys for tigersbut sign surveyinappropriatePotential carrying Line transect for preycapacity (K) for tigers Dung surveys for preyTigers present Determine occupancy Sign surveys for tigersCamera trap survey for tigersusing single camera setsDetermine tiger and Camera trap survey using singleprey abundance camera setsLine transect sampling forprey/dungDetermine abundance Camera trap survey for tigersof tigersusing double camera setsDNA population estimationDetermine K for tigers Line transect sampling forprey/dungAbundance/distribution Habitat analysis GIS to extend results of intensivedata availablehabitat surveysMonitoringCamera trap monitoring of tigersCalibrated sign surveysEcological Studies Radio telemetryDiet studiesDemographic studiesGIS1‘for tigers’ implies that sampling is designed to maximize the probability of encounteringtigers22.
Part 6: Historical Data, Field Survey Methods and Data AnalysisPART 6. HISTORICAL DATA, FIELD SURVEY METHODS ANDDATA ANALYSIS.This section is optional reading for researchers and others interested in the historicaldistributions of tigers, specific field methods used to collect information on currentdistributions, and data analysis techniques. All of this material provided the backgroundfor developing the Action Plan described in the previous section.6.1 Past distributions of Tiger in Myanmar. In order to provide a framework for understandingthe current situation for tigers, information on where tigers used to occur and the factorsthat brought about their decline was considered. For the purposes of this report, historicalrecords were considered as those pre-1999, when this study began. A number of sourceswere used to reconstruct former distributions of tigers in Myanmar:1. Published scientific papers. Prior to 1999, few biological surveys had been attempted inthe country. Milton and Estes (1963) conducted the first dedicated biological surveys in theearly 1960’s. They identified declining wildlife populations in areas such as Pidaung WildlifeSanctuary. Then during the 1980’s a series of wildlife assessments were done in the contextof assessing areas for forest protection by UNDP/FAO (1985). These reports prescribed theformation of new protected areas as critical for the future conservation of wildlife. In the1990’s WCS made efforts to document and define new areas for inclusion in the protectedarea system.2. Hunter records. The majority of historical records come from published reports andbooks written by hunters. Game hunting was popular during the period of occupation bythe British (pre-1948). These publications describe in detail the circumstances in whichtigers were shot, trapped, snared or otherwise encountered by humans.3. Survey reports. A number of reports by foresters and surveyors attest to the formeroccurrence of tigers.6.2 Quality and reliability of information. A gazetteer was assembled from historical tigerrecords. The information was categorized as follows;(a) Confirmed presence - where there was no reasonable doubt the observation was of tiger.These observations were from direct sightings, tigers killed, or reports of attacks by tigers onhumans or livestock;(b) Provisional presence - where there was a possibility that leopard or other species was infact observed but was mistaken for tiger. These were observations of tracks and sign, orreports from other sources e.g. villager reports.(c) Provisional absence - where a lack of evidence of tigers was reported. True absence overa given area can only be confirmed through monitoring over a periods of time ranging fromseveral months to several years (depending on the size of the area) but except for recentefforts at Alaungdaw Kathapa this has yet to be attempted at any of the study sites.23.
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Page 17: Timeframe / to be completed by2003
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