Communications I Dr. Mohammed Hawa Introduction to Digital - FET

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You also recall that using a RZ rectangular pulse instead of a NRZ rectangular pulseresulted in expanding the bandwidth by a factor of 2. This is an immediate result ofthe “Time compression, Frequency expansion” property of the Fourier transform,and is also illustrated in Figure 27.The question that arises now is this: If we pick a data stream encoded using aparticular line code (say polar encoding), can we control its bandwidth by changingthe pulse shape p(t) while still keeping the polar line code rule? The answer to thisquestion is YES; picking the right pulse shape can result in smaller bandwidthcompared to the bandwidth of the rectangular pulse which is, strictly-speaking,infinity (because the sinc() function extends from minus infinity to positive infinity).If we choose a smoother pulse (compared to the rectangular pulse), the highfrequencies in the resulting PSD of the data stream are eliminated. For example, ifwe pick a triangular pulse instead of a rectangular pulse (see Figure 27) the highfrequency components are heavily reduced. (This is more apparent if you look at thespectrum using a log scale). Remember that the Fourier transform of a triangularpulse is sinc 2 () and, hence, the PSD has the shape of sinc 4 () function.Reducing high frequency components in the PSD is important so that the signal canpass through band-limited channels without too much linear distortion. Suchdistortion usually creates what is called inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digitalsystems, where one bit value overlaps with (and corrupts) the adjacent bits.Using smoother pulses (and hence reducing their high frequency content) can betaken to the extreme if we pick a pulse that is not limited in time. In other words, thepulse spells outside the bit time (T0). This will limit its Fourier transform (because anexpansion in the time-domain results in compression in the frequency-domain).One popular example used in many practical systems is the raised-cosine pulse. This isa pulse that looks similar to (but decays much quicker than) a sinc(t) function and has aFourier transform similar to a raised cosine shape in the frequency domain. Thispulse and its corresponding Fourier transform are shown below. The raised-cosinepulse shape changes with a parameter called the roll-off factor . The Figure belowshows a = 0.5 raised-cosine pulse with the corresponding Fourier transform.1 Vp(t) = Raised Cosine PulseP(w)T 0 f 0/2-3T 0-2T 0-T 00T 02T 03T 0tw- 2pf 0 - pf 0 0pf 0 2pf 0f- f 0 - f 0/2 0 f 0/2f 0This type of pulse satisfies what is called the first Nyquist ISI criterion, which statesthat it is OK for the pulse shape not to be limited to the bit time (T0), so long as itdoes not introduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in the transmitted pulse stream.18
P(w)S p(w)p(t)Fourier TransformPower SpectralDensityT 0Bit timet-8pf0-6pf0-4pf0-2pf0w0 -8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf0 0 2pf0 4pf02pf0 4pf0 6pf0 8pf06pf0w 8pf0S p(w) [Log Scale]-8pf0-6pf0-4pf0-2pf002pf04pf06pf0w 8pf0P(w)S p(w)p(t)Fourier TransformPower SpectralDensityT 0Bit timet-8pf0-6pf0-4pf0-2pf0w0 -8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf0 0 2pf0 4pf02pf0 4pf0 6pf0 8pf06pf0w 8pf0S p(w) [Log Scale]-8pf0-6pf0-4pf0-2pf002pf04pf06pf0w 8pf0P(w)S p(w)p(t)Fourier TransformPower SpectralDensityT 0Bit timet-8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf0w0 -8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf0 0 2pf0 4pf02pf0 4pf0 6pf0 8pf06pf0w 8pf0S p(w) [Log Scale]-8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf002pf04pf06pf0w 8pf0P(w)S p(w)p(t)Fourier TransformPower SpectralDensityT 0Bit timet-8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf00 w-8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf0 0 2pf0 4pf02pf0 4pf0 6pf0 8pf06pf0w 8pf0T 0S p(w) [Log Scale]Figure 27.-8pf0 -6pf0 -4pf0 -2pf002pf04pf06pf0w 8pf019
Page 1 and 2: EE 421: Communications IDr. Mohamme
Page 4 and 5: impulses, as shown in Figure 4 belo
Page 6 and 7: In voice telephony, for example, th
Page 8 and 9: clocking is important in digital sy
Page 10 and 11: Polar NRZ CodePolar RZ CodeIn addit
Page 12 and 13: Bipolar (AMI) CodeThe alternating c
Page 14 and 15: MLT-3 Code7. Manchester:There are t
Page 16 and 17: 8. M-ary CodingAll the line coding
Page 20: An example of using the raised-cosi

Communications I Dr. Mohammed Hawa Introduction to Digital - FET

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