Endophytic fungi from Vitis vinifera L. isolated in Canary Islands and ...

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Effects of appling EU legislation on cultivation of transgenicherbicide-resistant soybean in RomaniaBalaj I. 1* , Nedelea G. 1 , Badea Elena Marcela 21 Banat‟s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Faculty of Horticulture andForestry; 2 Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 296, Splaiul Independenţei, 6 th district Bucharest,Romania*Corresponding author. e-mail: claudia_balaj@yahoo.comAbstract Romania is one of the few European countries with favorableconditions for soybean production. Herbicide tolerant soybeans (RoundupReady, RR) were grown commercially beginning with 1999 and accounted for68% of all soybeans planted in 2006. This technology has provided farmerswith productivity improvements through a combination of yield improvementsand cost reductions. On January 1, 2007, when joining the European Union,Romania had, in accordance with obligations under the Treaty of Accession,to stop GM soy cultivation, although growing this crop generated substantiallyhigher net farm income gains per hectare than in any of the other countryusing this technology. Following the implementation of EU law, Romaniabecame the only country that prohibited the use of transgenic plants, plantsthat brought substantial profits not only to farmers. In only two years, the areaplanted to soybeans has shrunk with 70%, while Romania became a netimporter of vegetable protein, just like the European Union itself. In 2008, EU-27 produced only 0.65 million tones of soybean. The EU annually imports15.4 millions of soybean and 24-25 millions of soybean meal. Therefore, thisGMO is not cultivated, but is imported in huge quantities in the form of grainsand meals, from Argentina, Brazil, USA, etc., large countries that growtransgenic soybeans. In 2009, genetically modified cultivars in the UnitedStates occupied 91% of the total area allocated to soybeans in Argentina -99% and in Brazil - 69%, with evident upward trend. Following theimplementation of legislation governing the cultivation of transgenic plants inthe European Union, from a growing RR soybean, Romania became animporting country of this product. The effect of no longer using the currentwidely used biotech trait in the soybean, at the national economy‟s level, ishard currency losses (as a result of increased imports) estimated to exceededmillions of euros per year.Key wordsRR soybean, EU legislation,GMOs
Assessing the environmental impact of changes in pesticideuse on transgenic soybeanBalaj I. 1* , Nedelea G. 1 , Badea Elena Marcela 21 Banat‟s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, Faculty of Horticulture andForestry; 2 Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 296, Splaiul Independenţei, 6 th district Bucharest,Romania*Corresponding author. e-mail: claudia_balaj@yahoo.comAbstract Herbicide tolerant (HT) soybean was introduced in Romania in1999 and until 2007 has been the only glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop growncommercially in Europa. Following the limited introduction in 1999, producersrapidly adopted the agricultural innovation of HT soybean. More than 70% ofthe soybean seeded in 2006, in Romania was a HT variety. Numerousenvironmental impacts have generated and have accumulated following theinitial commercial production of HT soybean in 1999. A universal indicator, theEIQ, was employed in order to be able to compare the environmental impactsof pesticide programmes applied to transgenic crops and their conventionalcounterparts. In this paper we summarize the published results regardingenvironmental impact of changes in pesticide use on transgenic soybean inRomania. Additionally, the EIQ method was applied to the data published onherbicide regimes used on transgenic (before 2007) and conventionalsoybean (2006, 2010) in Romania. The overall results of this study indicatesthat positive benefits can be achieved through the use of the soybean trait ofherbicide resistance.Key wordstransgenic soybean; weedcontrol; environmentalimpactPreservation strategies of local varieties of crop plants inEurope and worldwideBolboacă Veronica Grigoreta 1* , Maxim A. 1 , Măniuţiu D.N. 1 , Gocan Tincuţa 1 , BalcăuSimina 1 , Bărbuţă Iulia 11 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca*Corresponding author. Email: grigoret_veronyka@yahoo.comAbstract Since 1992 the rising interest concerning the agrobiodiversitypreservation is felt. On European and worldwide level a series of events tookplace within were signed treaties and created directives and laws in order tosupport the preservation of plant genetic resources, which of course involvespreserving local varieties of plants. Preservation of these traditional varietiescan be achieved in two ways: in situ and ex situ.Preservation in situ (on farm) is made in natural habitat and involvesthe varieties of interest, managing and monitoring them in their place of origin.Ex situ preservation means maintaining the entire studied biologicalcommunity outside of the natural habitat. It involves sampling, transfer andstorage of certain species of population far from the original place. This typeof preservation can be achieved in gene banks, individuals being kept inconditions controlled by humans.A special importance for preservation of local varieties has SuceavaGene Bank which preserves 386 species of crop plants.Currently, in Romania, there are landraces which disappeared –atKey wordsGeneBank,agrobiodiversity, landrace,in situ preservation, ex situpreservation, geneticerosion
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