Another report, also published by the Oakland Institute on Wednesday
Another report, also published by the Oakland Institute on Wednesday
Another report, also published by the Oakland Institute on Wednesday
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DEVELOPMENT AID TO ETHIOPIAOVERLOOKING VIOLENCE, MARGINALIZATION, ANDPOLITICAL REPRESSIONA Publicati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
AcknowledgementsThis <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> was written <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Luis Flores, a fellow with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in collaborati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s research team headed <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Frederic Mousseau. We are grateful to Lori Pottinger of Internati<strong>on</strong>alRivers and Felix Horne of Human Rights Watch for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir thoughtful feedback <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.The views and c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s expressed in this publicati<strong>on</strong> are those of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> al<strong>on</strong>e and do notreflect opini<strong>on</strong>s of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individuals and organizati<strong>on</strong>s that have sp<strong>on</strong>sored and supported <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work.Editors: Frederic Mousseau and Melissa MooreFor photo credits, please email info@oaklandinstitute.orgCover photos: (top) Ethiopian army soldiers m<strong>on</strong>itoring Suri people during a festival in Kibish (bottom)Typical highland scene in Amhara (back) <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo River in Korcho.Publisher: The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> is a policy think tank dedicated to advancing public participati<strong>on</strong> and fairdebate <strong>on</strong> critical social, ec<strong>on</strong>omic, and envir<strong>on</strong>mental issues.Copyright © 2013 <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>The text may be used free of charge for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purposes of advocacy, campaigning, educati<strong>on</strong>, and research,provided that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> source is acknowledged in full. The copyright holder requests that all such uses beregistered with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r circumstances, reuse in o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rpublicati<strong>on</strong>s, or translati<strong>on</strong> or adaptati<strong>on</strong>, permissi<strong>on</strong> must be secured.Please email info@oaklandinstitute.orgThe <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>PO Box 18978<str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g>, CA 94619USAwww.oaklandinstitute.org
Table of C<strong>on</strong>tentsLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1INTRODUCTION 3INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AID TO ETHIOPIA 5Historical C<strong>on</strong>text of Foreign Aid 5Famine and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Politics of Hunger 6Human Rights Violati<strong>on</strong>s 7Crackdown <strong>on</strong> Dissent 8DEVELOPMENT AID, VILLAGIZATION, AND“POLITICAL CAPTURE”: HIDING BEHIND DEVELOPMENT 10Background <strong>on</strong> Major D<strong>on</strong>ors 11USAID’s Agricultural Development Initiatives 14Promoting Basic Services (PBS) 16Ethiopia’s Nati<strong>on</strong>al Food Security Program 18Gibe III Dam 21THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF COMPLICITY 23D<strong>on</strong>or Investigati<strong>on</strong>s Overlooking Evidence 23C<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>s between Development Aid Policy and Practice 24Funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Development State 26CONCLUSION 27
List of Acr<strong>on</strong>ymsAIDSDAGDfIDEDFELAPELTAPEPRDFFTFGEQIPGTPHABPHIVIDANFSPODAPBSPSCBPPSNPREILACSLUSAIDWBGAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeDevelopment Assistance Group EthiopiaBritish Department for Internati<strong>on</strong>al DevelopmentEthiopian Defense ForceEthiopia Streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning Land Administrati<strong>on</strong> ProgramEthiopian Land Tenure Policy and Administrati<strong>on</strong> ProgramEthiopian People’s Revoluti<strong>on</strong>ary Democratic Fr<strong>on</strong>tFeed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FutureGeneral Educati<strong>on</strong> Quality Improvement PackageGrowth and Transformati<strong>on</strong> PlanHousehold Asset Building ProgramHuman Immunodeficiency VirusWorld Bank’s Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development Associati<strong>on</strong>Nati<strong>on</strong>al Food Security ProgramOverseas Development AssistanceEthiopian Protecti<strong>on</strong> of Basic Services Program (Phases I, II, III)Public Sector Capacity Building ProgramProductive Safety Net ProgramResp<strong>on</strong>sible and Innovative Land Administrati<strong>on</strong> in EthiopiaCivil Society LawUnited States Agency for Internati<strong>on</strong>al DevelopmentWorld Bank Group
éc<strong>on</strong>omieLa NR 4692 – Mardi 23 juillet 20137PortugalB<strong>on</strong>ne réacti<strong>on</strong> des marchésà la stabilisati<strong>on</strong> politique, Le taux d'empruntà 10 ans du Portugalenregistrait une nettedétente et la Bourse deLisb<strong>on</strong>ne gagnait près de2,5% hier matin, suite ausoutien apporté par leprésident portugais à lacoaliti<strong>on</strong>gouvernementale.Face à la perspective de voir sedissiper la crise politique qui perduraitdepuis trois semaines dansce pays sous assistance financièreinternati<strong>on</strong>ale, le taux portugais,qui évolue en sens inverse de lademande, se détendait à 6,537%vers 9H GMT, c<strong>on</strong>tre 6,799% vendredisoir à la clôture, sur le marchésec<strong>on</strong>daire où s'échange ladette déjà émise.«Au Portugal, après la déclarati<strong>on</strong>de ce week-end du président de laRépublique, le risque d’électi<strong>on</strong>anticipée est en net recul, le calmedevrait revenir sur les marchéspour la dette portugaise», <strong>on</strong>t estiméles analystes de Aurel BGC. Aumême moment, le PSI-20, l'indicevedette de la Bourse de Lisb<strong>on</strong>ne,progressait de 2,46% à 5.660,22points, avec 19 de ses 20 titres dansle vert.Les valeurs financières enregistraientles plus fortes hausses: labanque Banif s'envolait de 10,42%,la BES b<strong>on</strong>dissait de 7,42%, la BCPde 6,67% et la BPI de 6,04%. Parmiles poids-lourds de la place portugaise,Portugal Telecom gagnait2,9% et le groupe pétrolier et gazierGalp s'appréciait de 1,32%. En revanche,le groupe de distributi<strong>on</strong>Jer<strong>on</strong>imo Martins reculait de 0,35%.BourseDimanche soir, lors d'une déclarati<strong>on</strong>solennelle, le président c<strong>on</strong>servateur,Anibal Cavaco Silva, a déclaréc<strong>on</strong>sidérer que «la meilleuresoluti<strong>on</strong> est de maintenir en f<strong>on</strong>cti<strong>on</strong>sl'actuel gouvernement».«Dans l'actuel c<strong>on</strong>texte d'urgencenati<strong>on</strong>ale, la c<strong>on</strong>vocati<strong>on</strong> d'électi<strong>on</strong>sn'est pas une soluti<strong>on</strong> pourles problèmes que le Portugal affr<strong>on</strong>te»,a-t-il ajouté, rejetant ainsiles appels de l'ensemble de l'oppositi<strong>on</strong>de gauche en faveur d'unedissoluti<strong>on</strong> du Parlement.Depuis le début du mois de juillet,la coaliti<strong>on</strong> du Premier ministre,Pedro Passos Coelho, est ébranléepar la démissi<strong>on</strong> de deux ministresclés sur f<strong>on</strong>d de tensi<strong>on</strong>sTokyo finit en hausse de 0,47%,La Bourse de Tokyo a fini hier enhausse de 0,47%, alors que le yenest rem<strong>on</strong>té, repassant juste sousla barre des 100 pour un dollar,au lendemain de la victoire électoralede Shinzo Abe.L'indice Nikkei a gagné 68,13 pointsà 14.658,04 points et le Topix, pluslarge, a pris 4,55 points (+0,38%) à1.216,53 points.La coaliti<strong>on</strong> du Premier ministre jap<strong>on</strong>aisa remporté dimanche unevictoire décisive aux électi<strong>on</strong>s sénatoriales,ce qui renforce sa Après la déclarati<strong>on</strong> du président de la République, le risque d’électi<strong>on</strong> anticipée est en net recul. (Photo > D. R.)marge de manœuvre pour relancer.«La victoire d'Abe était largementanticipée», commente TakuyaTakahashi, chez Daiwa Securities.Il souligne que cela a toutefoisd<strong>on</strong>né une t<strong>on</strong>alité positive aumarché en matinée parce que leslois ser<strong>on</strong>t plus facilement votéesau Parlement et que le score de dimanchec<strong>on</strong>tribuera à d<strong>on</strong>ner uneassise stable au gouvernement.Les valeurs exportatrices <strong>on</strong>t sousperforméavec le reb<strong>on</strong>d du yen.c<strong>on</strong>cernant la politique de rigueurque le Portugal s'est engagé àmettre en œuvre en échange d'unplan d'aide financière accordé enmai 2011 par l'Uni<strong>on</strong> européenne etle F<strong>on</strong>ds m<strong>on</strong>étaire internati<strong>on</strong>al.Le taux d'emprunt du Portugal étaitalors passé au-dessus de 8% pourla première fois depuis novembre2012. Face aux appels à la resp<strong>on</strong>sabilitévenus d'Europe et à l'affolementdes marchés financiers, leParti social démocrate (PSD, centreArmementdroit) du Premier ministre et s<strong>on</strong>partenaire de coaliti<strong>on</strong> démocratechrétien, le CDS-PP de Paulo Portas,se s<strong>on</strong>t mis d'accord pour sauverleur majorité. Ils <strong>on</strong>t ainsi décidéque M. Portas, qui avait quittés<strong>on</strong> poste de ministre des Affairesétrangères, resterait au gouvernement,promu au rang de vice-Premierministre chargé de la politiqueéc<strong>on</strong>omique et des relati<strong>on</strong>savec les créanciers du pays.R. E./AgencePremier gros c<strong>on</strong>trat militaire envue pour la France à Abou Dhabi,Le ministre français de laDéfense Jean-Yves Le Driandevait signer hier unc<strong>on</strong>trat avec les EmiratsArabes Unis pour la ventede deux satellitesmilitaires d<strong>on</strong>t le m<strong>on</strong>tantest estimé à 800 milli<strong>on</strong>sd'euros.Le ministre français de la DéfenseJean-Yves Le Drian s’estrendu hier à Abou Dhabi. La visitea pour objectif la signatured'un gros c<strong>on</strong>trat d'exportati<strong>on</strong>militaire d<strong>on</strong>t l'objet est lavente de deux satellites militairesd'observati<strong>on</strong> fabriquésen coopérati<strong>on</strong> par Astrium etThales Alenia Space. Le m<strong>on</strong>tantdu c<strong>on</strong>trat est estimé à 800milli<strong>on</strong>s d'euros.Ce premier grand c<strong>on</strong>trat d'exportati<strong>on</strong>militaire du gouvernementsocialiste a été remportéde haute lutte par les deuxagences spaciales françaisesdevant l'américain LockheedMartin. Ce succès, souligne-t<strong>on</strong>dans l'entourage du ministre,doit beaucoup à Jean-Yves Le Drian qui s'est investipour rétablir une relati<strong>on</strong> dégradéeavec les Emirats. Clienttraditi<strong>on</strong>nel de l'industrie militairefrancaise, ce pays n'avaitplus passé de commande significativedepuis que la France aouvert en 2008 à Abou Dhabi saseule base militaire en dehorsd'Afrique.Le ministre s'est attaché ànouer des relati<strong>on</strong>s dec<strong>on</strong>fiance avec le prince héritierdes EAU, cheikh Mohammedben Zayed al Nahyan, defaç<strong>on</strong> à favoriser les négociati<strong>on</strong>sdes industriels, dit-<strong>on</strong>dans s<strong>on</strong> entourage. Astrium,divisi<strong>on</strong> espace du groupe europeenEADS, et TAS, coentreprisedu francais Thales et del'italien Finmeccanica, <strong>on</strong>t faillise faire souffler le marché parLockheed Martin, qui proposaitun satellite d<strong>on</strong>t le Pentag<strong>on</strong>eavait annulé la commandec<strong>on</strong>tre leurs deux satellites Helios.Même une visite de troisjours, plus tôt en juillet, à AbouDhabi, où le ministre avait accompagnéles négociateurs,n'avait pas permis de c<strong>on</strong>clure.VoirsurInternetwww.lnr-dz.comI N F O SE X P R E S SAutomobilePeugeot envisageraitde céder une partiede Banque PSALe c<strong>on</strong>structeur automobile PSAPeugeot Citroën envisage de céderà l'espagnol Santander une partiede sa filiale bancaire Banque PSAFinance, rapporte le Wall StreetJournal. PSA a engagé des«discussi<strong>on</strong>s préliminaires» avecSantander, qui pourrait prendrejusqu'à la moitié du capital oufusi<strong>on</strong>ner les activités de BanquePSA Finance avec les siennes,affirme le journal américain, quicite «des sources proches desdiscussi<strong>on</strong>s». Une telle opérati<strong>on</strong>permettrait à PSA de ne plusdépendre de la garantie de créditde 7 milliards d'euros accordée l'andernier par le gouvernementfrançais. Ce dispositif est dans leradar des autorités européennesde la c<strong>on</strong>currence, qui enquêtentpour savoir s'il peut être c<strong>on</strong>sidérécomme une aide publique n<strong>on</strong>justifiée. Sel<strong>on</strong> le quotidien, PSAserait également en discussi<strong>on</strong>savec d'autres banques, «afin derenforcer l'accès au refinancementde Banque PSA dans certainspays».ChineGSK admet depossibles infracti<strong>on</strong>s,Astra viséLe laboratoire britanniqueGlaxoSmithKline, visé par une enquêtepour corrupti<strong>on</strong> en Chine, a admis hierque certains de ses dirigeantssemblent avoir enfreint la loi du pays,tandis que s<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>current AstraZenecaa ann<strong>on</strong>cé avoir reçu la visite de lapolice à Shanghai. «Certains de nosdirigeants de GSK Chine, quic<strong>on</strong>naissent bien notre faç<strong>on</strong> def<strong>on</strong>cti<strong>on</strong>ner, semblent avoir agi endehors de nos processus et c<strong>on</strong>trôles,d'une faç<strong>on</strong> qui enfreint la loichinoise», a déclaré Abbas Hussain,directeur internati<strong>on</strong>al de GSK pourl'Europe, le Jap<strong>on</strong>, les pays émergentset l'Asie. «Nous av<strong>on</strong>s une tolérancezéro pour ce genre decomportements», a-t-il ajouté, àl'issue d'une renc<strong>on</strong>tre avec desreprésentants du ministère chinois dela Sécurité publique. Les autoritéschinoises avaient ann<strong>on</strong>cé débutjuillet avoir ouvert une enquête c<strong>on</strong>treGSK, accusé d'avoir versé des pots-devinsces dernières années à desf<strong>on</strong>cti<strong>on</strong>naires, des firmes du secteurpharmaceutique, ainsi qu'à deshôpitaux et des médecins pour doperles ventes de ses produits en Chine.Près de 500 milli<strong>on</strong>s de dollarsauraient été versés en pots-de-vins,par l'intermédiaire d'agences devoyages et de projets de sp<strong>on</strong>soring,sel<strong>on</strong> la police.
Internati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors, seemingly c<strong>on</strong>cerned withnot being formally associated with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governmentof Ethiopia’s Resettlement Program, claim that nodirect funding goes to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> program, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se samed<strong>on</strong>ors provide substantial resources to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rpillars of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Food Security Program.This approach allows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to claim <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are notsupporting or participating in any wr<strong>on</strong>gdoing,however <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir overall funding for this sector al<strong>on</strong>gwith <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethtiopian government’s own resources,allows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement program to take place.Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank is providing indirectfunding (through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> support of a transmissi<strong>on</strong> line)to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>troversial Gibe III Dam, which, <strong>on</strong>cecomplete, will provide not just electricity but <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g>water for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> irrigati<strong>on</strong> of large plantati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> landthat is being usurped from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ethnic communitiesof South Omo.While it is critical to provide assistance to agriculturalinvestment and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> improvement of livelihoods andfood security in Ethiopia, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current approach ofinternati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors is resulting in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opposite effect.The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> calls for truly independentinvestigati<strong>on</strong>s, c<strong>on</strong>ducted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> internati<strong>on</strong>al experts,into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> impact of “development” programs currentlybeing implemented in Ethiopia and into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role ofd<strong>on</strong>or funds in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> program and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rallegati<strong>on</strong>s of violence stemming from developmentinitiatives. Ethiopia’s key d<strong>on</strong>ors should support thisdemand in order to allow accurate and objectiveinformati<strong>on</strong> to surface and to ensure that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir aidis not being used to restrict freedoms, violate humanrights, or stifle democracy.The US State Department 3 and independententities that have c<strong>on</strong>ducted investigati<strong>on</strong>s haveacknowledged <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increasingly repressive policies of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian People’s Revoluti<strong>on</strong>ary DemocraticFr<strong>on</strong>t, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>’s ruling party. Proclamati<strong>on</strong>srestricting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> operating of civil society organizati<strong>on</strong>sand <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> exercise of free press are legitimized under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>banner of fighting terrorism. Accounts of unjustlyincarcerated journalists are reflective of what hasbeen called <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state’s “architecture of repressi<strong>on</strong>.”The US has suggested that it has decided to turn ablind eye to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “democracy deficit” of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regimebecause <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “positive role played <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopia within<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn of Africa regi<strong>on</strong> is a str<strong>on</strong>g basis for USGc<strong>on</strong>structive engagement with Ethiopia.” 42 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
Excavator at work, Mago.Introducti<strong>on</strong>Ethiopia, <strong>on</strong>ce described <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> former President BillClint<strong>on</strong> as a nati<strong>on</strong> in “renaissance,” remains aland of c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>s. 5 The sec<strong>on</strong>d most populousnati<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> African c<strong>on</strong>tinent, Ethiopia remainsam<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> poorest, with a per capita average annualincome of $170. 6 Although it is c<strong>on</strong>sidered <strong>on</strong>e oftwo major “water towers” in Africa, chr<strong>on</strong>ic droughtshave become part of Ethiopia’s reality, c<strong>on</strong>tributingto severe food insecurity and widespread hunger.Am<strong>on</strong>g nati<strong>on</strong>s categorized as “developing,” Ethiopiamaintains a relatively low urban populati<strong>on</strong> at 17percent; most Ethiopians c<strong>on</strong>tinue to reside in ruralareas and 82 percent of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country’s populati<strong>on</strong>depends <strong>on</strong> subsistence agriculture. 7 These figuresare often presented in juxtapositi<strong>on</strong> to Ethiopia’shighly praised statistics <strong>on</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth. In<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> last decade, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian ec<strong>on</strong>omy has grownbetween 4 and 7 percent every year. 8 Ethiopia is akey US strategic ally in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> unstable Horn of Africaand <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> war against Islamist militants in Somalia.It hosts <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Headquarters of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> African Uni<strong>on</strong>,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian Prime Minister chairs <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Uni<strong>on</strong>in 2013. Industrial interests have c<strong>on</strong>verged <strong>on</strong>Ethiopia as well, given its positi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “fast trackto progress.” 9 This combinati<strong>on</strong> of humanitarianneed and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’s receptivenessto foreign investment and Western strategic interestshas made Ethiopia a “magnet for d<strong>on</strong>ors.” 10In recent years, Ethiopia has been receiving $3.5billi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> average from internati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors,which represents between 50 to 60 percent of itsnati<strong>on</strong>al budget. 11 The entities that have provided<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most substantial development aid for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lastdecade are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> US (through USAID and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> StateDepartment), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank Group, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>UK. 12 The government c<strong>on</strong>trolled <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EthiopianPeople’s Revoluti<strong>on</strong>ary Democratic Fr<strong>on</strong>t (EPRDF)has developed str<strong>on</strong>g development rhetoric inrecent years—going as far as describing Ethiopiaas a “development state.” 13 In 2006, it enacted<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Accelerated and Sustained Development toDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 3
End Poverty (PASDEP) program, which began arestructuring of agricultural arrangements to increaseexports with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> stated purpose of improving foodsecurity. 14 Proving effective at attracting large sumsof foreign assistance, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian governmentrecently built <strong>on</strong> past efforts with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2010-2015Growth and Transformati<strong>on</strong> Plan (GTP). Throughthis plan for ec<strong>on</strong>omic development, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governmentaims to reach middle-income nati<strong>on</strong> status. Butwith $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> in d<strong>on</strong>or m<strong>on</strong>ey <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> books, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>“development state” is highly dependent <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flowof foreign aid.Beneath promises of equitable and democraticdevelopment, Ethiopia’s drive to development hasdepended <strong>on</strong> state force and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> denial of humanand civil rights. One of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most c<strong>on</strong>troversialelements of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s development policyinvolves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relocati<strong>on</strong> of 1.5 milli<strong>on</strong> people between2010-2013 15 under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “villagizati<strong>on</strong>” program.On-<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-ground research <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>,Human Rights Watch, and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r organizati<strong>on</strong>shas revealed accounts of human rights violati<strong>on</strong>sranging from beatings, unlawful arrests, and rapeat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hands of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian Defense Force, allused to enforce <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s “villagizati<strong>on</strong>”program. “Voluntary” resettlements, particularly inGambella and Omo, have targeted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> agro-pastoraland ethnic communities living <strong>on</strong> land that wassimultaneously advertised to foreign investors. 16The resettlements under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> programhave enabled <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> implementati<strong>on</strong> of some of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>GTP’s goals, including large-scale plantati<strong>on</strong>s andirrigati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure. 17 The coerced resettlementsunder <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> program--d<strong>on</strong>e in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nameof development--rely <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s promisesof social services and improved access to health andeducati<strong>on</strong> facilities, which are used to legitimizeresettlement of people in new villages. 18 Independentevaluati<strong>on</strong>s have found that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’spromises of social services and fertile land often lackfollow through. 19 However, internati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>orsthat provide such large amounts of resources to<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country have remained widely silent <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>increasingly troubling development programs beingpursued <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government.In recent years, Ethiopia has been <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d largestrecipient of British aid, receiving $261.8 milli<strong>on</strong>in 2011. 20 Recently, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> UK’s Department forInternati<strong>on</strong>al Development (DfID) has come underscrutiny for failing to address <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s of human rightsabuses underwritten <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> DfID aid in Ethiopia. 21 Alawsuit filed against DfID <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>-based firmLeigh Day & Co. publically alleges <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> complicityof Western d<strong>on</strong>ors in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> forced resettlement ofethnic people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gambella regi<strong>on</strong>. Ethiopia hasreceived about $1 billi<strong>on</strong> annually from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> USbetween 2008 and 2010. The amount of US aidwas $608.3 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2011, nearly three times <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>amount allocated <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> UK aid. 22 In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United States,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sums distributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Ethiopian government in development assistanceand its c<strong>on</strong>tinued failure to secure basic humanrights remains largely ignored.This <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> will point to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> unquesti<strong>on</strong>ed andunderanalyzed c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s between Westerndevelopment assistance as it functi<strong>on</strong>s to prop up<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> repressive political structure in Ethiopia. Bywidening an analysis of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of development aid,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> hopes to provide policymakers with a framework of political, historical, andhuman rights c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s that should informfuture development assistance policies for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>country.4 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
“From aid to trade,”Gavin Hou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>usen/DFID.Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development Aid to Ethiopia“Regardless of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> real motive for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement policy, its net effect was to increase government c<strong>on</strong>trol overlarge segments of society… The main value of this policy for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regime seems to have been <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> political c<strong>on</strong>trol itpromised.”--Federal Research Divisi<strong>on</strong>, Library of C<strong>on</strong>gress, 1991 23Historical C<strong>on</strong>text of Foreign AidEthiopia’s path to development has been differentfrom that taken <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> many African nati<strong>on</strong>s. Havingavoided col<strong>on</strong>ial rule, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment ofEthiopia as a “development state” was not a resultof a col<strong>on</strong>ist nati<strong>on</strong>’s attempt to retain influencein a time of decol<strong>on</strong>izati<strong>on</strong>, but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r grew out ofemperor’s Haile Selassie’s attempt to expand powerwith foreign assistance. 24 As historian AmandaKay McVety reflects in her 2012 study of aid toEthiopia, development initiatives in Ethiopia havehistorically enabled “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state to c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> peoplein a more dangerous way.” 25 To a significant degree,this dependence of state power <strong>on</strong> foreign assistancec<strong>on</strong>tinues today.As a 1991 study <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Library of C<strong>on</strong>gress’ FederalResearch Divisi<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cluded, this codependencewas str<strong>on</strong>g enough to withstand communist rule.“Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Derg [regime] depended <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Soviet Uni<strong>on</strong> and its allies for military aid,” explains<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Library of C<strong>on</strong>gress <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “it was just as reliant<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> West for ec<strong>on</strong>omic development and reliefaid.” 26 Particularly in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> early 1980s, when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>relati<strong>on</strong>ship between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Derg regime (<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> militaryjunta that ruled <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country from 1974 until 1987)and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Soviet Uni<strong>on</strong> was severed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Europeancommunity, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Internati<strong>on</strong>al M<strong>on</strong>etary Fund, and<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank Group offered milli<strong>on</strong>s in ec<strong>on</strong>omicaid. Under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Derg, aid was used to c<strong>on</strong>solidatec<strong>on</strong>trol, not unlike under Selassie. A principalmechanism of state c<strong>on</strong>trol was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mammothforced resettlement of 13 milli<strong>on</strong> people <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1989. 27The history of foreign development assistance toDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 5
Ethiopia suggests that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> muddled, political, andoften-coercive practices through which aid is actuallyimplemented are nothing new. The relevance of thishistory is stressed <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> an informant to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, who lamented in 2011, “Now <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> people[south Ethiopian pastoralists] are agreeing toeverything <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government is saying. They have nochoice. The people live in fear… The government isacting like <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous Derg government.” 28The increase in development aid to Ethiopia in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>1990s following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rise of Prime Minister MelesZenawi corresp<strong>on</strong>ded with an expanding visi<strong>on</strong> ofEthiopia as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> leader of an “African Renaissance”and Ethiopia’s capital of Addis Ababa as both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>c<strong>on</strong>tinent’s diplomatic capital and “epicenter of[Africa’s] transformati<strong>on</strong>.” 29 Ethiopia has beenreceiving $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> average in OverseasDevelopment Assistance (ODA) from internati<strong>on</strong>ald<strong>on</strong>ors in recent years, c<strong>on</strong>sistently ranking am<strong>on</strong>g<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> top five ODA recipients globally in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pastdecade. 30 The United States, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United Kingdom make up <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> top threeindividual d<strong>on</strong>ors respectively. Ethiopia is currently<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest recipient of British aid and is am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>largest n<strong>on</strong>-war state recipient of US aid. Ethiopiahas adopted a development model characterized<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> large-scale infrastructure development and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>promoti<strong>on</strong> of large-scale agricultural projects.Enabled <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> land resettlements, mammoth irrigati<strong>on</strong>infrastructure, and unmatched c<strong>on</strong>cessi<strong>on</strong>s toforeign investors, Ethiopia’s development model iscentered <strong>on</strong> expanding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al “export basket,”through a transiti<strong>on</strong> from agrarian to agro-industrialproducti<strong>on</strong>. 31 While Ethiopia’s number-<strong>on</strong>e exporthas l<strong>on</strong>g been coffee beans, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government ispromoting an expansi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> producti<strong>on</strong> of highvaluecrops like cott<strong>on</strong>, rubber, sugar, palm oil, andcut flowers.In 2005, Norwegian chemical producer YaraInternati<strong>on</strong>al granted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> inaugural African GreenRevoluti<strong>on</strong> Prize to Meles Zenawi, Ethiopia’s latePrime Minister, citing his role in “providing anenabling policy envir<strong>on</strong>ment, securing ownershiprights, improving child nutriti<strong>on</strong>, making marketsfor <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> poor and doing all this in a way that protectsand enhances <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rural envir<strong>on</strong>ment.” 32 Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pathchosen <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopia for agricultural developmentundermines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> food security of milli<strong>on</strong>s ofEthiopians and increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dependency of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>country <strong>on</strong> global markets—in terms of m<strong>on</strong>etaryfluctuati<strong>on</strong>s, foreign currency reserves, access tochemical inputs, and land appropriati<strong>on</strong>s to sustainlarge-scale m<strong>on</strong>oculture and foreign investment. 33Famine and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Politics of HungerHunger has never left Ethiopia following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>devastating 1984-85 famine, which was resp<strong>on</strong>siblefor <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> death of an estimated 400,000 Ethiopians. 34Nowadays, 34 milli<strong>on</strong> Ethiopians--40 percent of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>populati<strong>on</strong>--are c<strong>on</strong>sidered chr<strong>on</strong>ically hungry. 35Every single year, an estimated 10 to 15 milli<strong>on</strong>depend <strong>on</strong> food aid for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir survival. 36 In 2010,Ethiopia was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> world’s largest recipient of foodaid, with nearly $1.2 billi<strong>on</strong> in aid allocated. 37Seas<strong>on</strong>al drought is often cited as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cause ofEthiopia’s food insecurity, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country is facedwith chr<strong>on</strong>ic levels of undernutriti<strong>on</strong> and foodinsecurity, which have little to do with climate.What made <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1984 Ethiopian famine particularlydeadly was a hasty and violent forced resettlementscheme, a decade-l<strong>on</strong>g “ec<strong>on</strong>omic war” <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rural6 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
Maize harvest in Gambella.populati<strong>on</strong>, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of humanitarian aid as apolitical weap<strong>on</strong> against Eritrea and Tigray. 38Similarly, modern policies c<strong>on</strong>tinue to exacerbatefood insecurity, particularly for communitiesopposed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government. The October2010 <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Human Rights Watch, DevelopmentWithout Freedom: How Aid UnderwritesRepressi<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia, <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> widespread“politicizati<strong>on</strong>” of food aid, agricultural inputs, andsafety net protecti<strong>on</strong>. 39The high volatility of food commodities prices hasbeen a major threat to food security in recent years. 40Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> has found increasedfood insecurity resulting from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’svillagizati<strong>on</strong> program and inadequate employmentresulting from large-scale foreign investment in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Lower Omo Valley and Gambella regi<strong>on</strong>s. 41Human Rights Violati<strong>on</strong>sWidely <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed allegati<strong>on</strong>s of civil and humanrights abuses complicate Ethiopia’s “renaissance”narrative. 42 The 2012 human rights assessment<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> US State Department <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed a l<strong>on</strong>g listof human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s, including, “arbitrarykillings; allegati<strong>on</strong>s of torture, beating, abuse,and mistreatment of detainees <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> security forces;Development Aid To Ethiopia | 7
eports of harsh and at times life-threateningpris<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s; arbitrary arrest and detenti<strong>on</strong>…infringement <strong>on</strong> citizens’ privacy rights, includingillegal searches; allegati<strong>on</strong>s of abuses in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>implementati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s ‘villagizati<strong>on</strong>’program; restricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> academic freedom;restricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> freedom of assembly, associati<strong>on</strong> andmovement,” am<strong>on</strong>g o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r violati<strong>on</strong>s. 43Human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s have <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> been extensivelydocumented in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lower Omo Valley, wherelocal oppositi<strong>on</strong> to large-scale sugar plantati<strong>on</strong>s isresulting in arbitrary arrests and physical violenceagainst <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mursi and Bodi communities. Patterns ofabuse and intimidati<strong>on</strong> stemming from oppositi<strong>on</strong>to resettlement and forced evicti<strong>on</strong>s have been<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed as well. 47In additi<strong>on</strong> to political repressi<strong>on</strong> and violence,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia has implemented itsdevelopment initiatives with force and repressi<strong>on</strong>.According to allegati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> citizens <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ground,Ethiopia’s Nati<strong>on</strong>al Defense Force, under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>directi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government, has been <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> principalperpetrator of violence against local communities.The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Human Rights Watchcollected <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s of beatings, intimidati<strong>on</strong>, andunlawful arrests in regi<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lower OmoValley that have been targeted for resettlement. 44Similar accounts of human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s havebeen uncovered in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gambella regi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> asite of large-scale resettlement for agriculturaldevelopment. “The overwhelming majority of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sebeatings happened when people expressed c<strong>on</strong>cernabout villagizati<strong>on</strong>,” found a Human Rights Watch<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>. “Many beatings <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> took place duringc<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of tukulas in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> new villages, wheredisplaced people were forced to build <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir ownhomes.” 45The villagizati<strong>on</strong> program <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> involves sexualviolence against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> local populati<strong>on</strong>. Resettlementincreases vulnerability to sexual abuse, as womenmust often travel l<strong>on</strong>ger distances for water andmen will often leave <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir families for extendedperiods to return to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir original lands to farm. 46A 2012 <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> a committee within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> UnitedNati<strong>on</strong>’s Office of High Commissi<strong>on</strong>er for HumanRights expressed c<strong>on</strong>cern that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> so-calledVoluntary Resettlement Program (villagizati<strong>on</strong>program) “entails forced evicti<strong>on</strong>s of thousandsof people in various regi<strong>on</strong>s . . . who are relocatedto villages that lack basic infrastructure, such ashealth clinics, clean water supplies and schools, aswell as agricultural assistance or food assistance.” 48A comm<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>me c<strong>on</strong>necting allegati<strong>on</strong>s of abusethroughout Ethiopia is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role of violence as ameans of stifling oppositi<strong>on</strong> to state policy.Crackdown <strong>on</strong> Dissent“Next time I travel to Ethiopia, I may be arrested as aterrorist. Why? Because I have <str<strong>on</strong>g>published</str<strong>on</strong>g> articles aboutEthiopian politics.”--Tobias Hagmann, scholar of Ethiopia and Somalia 49The government of Ethiopia’s attempts to silenceoppositi<strong>on</strong> to its ec<strong>on</strong>omic development policiesdo not <strong>on</strong>ly target <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> affected local communities;<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government has <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> been implementing whatsome have called an “architecture of repressi<strong>on</strong>” thatis reinforced <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>al law. 50A number of independent journalists, Muslim civilsociety organizati<strong>on</strong>s, ethnic populati<strong>on</strong>s and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r8| The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
critics of government policies have been labeled<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government as terrorists, making <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>msusceptible to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anti-Terrorism Proclamati<strong>on</strong>. 51A Human Rights Watch <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> has found that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>“terrorist” label is often deployed <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopiangovernment to justify cracking down <strong>on</strong> civil rightsand to explain anti-government stance. 52On January 6, 2009, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government passed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Charities and Societies Proclamati<strong>on</strong> No. 621/2009of Ethiopia. Known as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Civil Society Law (CSL),<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proclamati<strong>on</strong> makes it illegal for any civil societyorganizati<strong>on</strong> deriving more than 10 percent of itsfunding from foreign sources to operate withinEthiopia. As Northwestern University’s Law Centerput it, “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CSL c<strong>on</strong>tains restrictive provisi<strong>on</strong>sthat will effectively silence Ethiopia’s human rightsadvocates.” 53 The proclamati<strong>on</strong> came four years aftera proclamati<strong>on</strong> barring civil society organizati<strong>on</strong>sfrom observing nati<strong>on</strong>al electi<strong>on</strong>s—a directive issuedsix weeks prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2005 electi<strong>on</strong>s. 54 The 2009proclamati<strong>on</strong> has since been used as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis forsilencing organizati<strong>on</strong>s critical of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government. Inearly 2013, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proclamati<strong>on</strong> was used to justify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ban <strong>on</strong> three civil society organizati<strong>on</strong>s, One Euro,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Islamic Cultural and Research Center, and GoheChild and Youth and Women Development, whichwere deemed to be engaged in “illegal religiousactivities.” 55 The proclamati<strong>on</strong> directly undermines<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aims of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1999 UN General Assembly’s“Declarati<strong>on</strong> of Human Rights Protectors,” anamendment to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Universal Declarati<strong>on</strong> of HumanRights. 56Amnesty Internati<strong>on</strong>al expressed c<strong>on</strong>cern that “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>law could restrict freedom of expressi<strong>on</strong>, peacefulassembly and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> right to fair trial.” 57 These c<strong>on</strong>cernshave materialized. In 2012, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anti-TerrorismProclamati<strong>on</strong> was used <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government to justify<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> arrest and impris<strong>on</strong>ment of Ethiopian journalistEskinder Nega, who was arrested days after hepublicly criticized <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of anti-terror laws to stifledissent. Following a trial denounced <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PENAmerican Center, Nega was sentenced to 12 yearsover allegati<strong>on</strong>s of terrorism. 58 The New York Timescounts Nega am<strong>on</strong>g 11 journalists who have beenarrested under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anti-Terrorism Proclamati<strong>on</strong>. 59Reports ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> suggestthat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se repressive government policies andpractices work in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> with, often enabling,government-led ec<strong>on</strong>omic development initiatives.One informant explained that after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governmentcould not c<strong>on</strong>vince Bodi and Chirim locals torelocate, “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government called <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> securityforces… caught four young men and put <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m inpris<strong>on</strong>.” 60Just a few m<strong>on</strong>ths after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> adopti<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2009SCL, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government passed a similarlyrepressive Anti-Terrorism Proclamati<strong>on</strong>. In 2009,Development Aid To Ethiopia | 9
Road roller at work, Mago.Development Aid, Villagizati<strong>on</strong>, and “PoliticalCapture”: Hiding Behind DevelopmentHistorically, government resettlements in Ethiopiahave operated in tandem with larger developmentand political schemes. Forced relocati<strong>on</strong>s under<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Derg regime, which were marked <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> violentmilitary interventi<strong>on</strong> and a repressi<strong>on</strong> of dissent andcivil expressi<strong>on</strong>, 61 impacted a staggering 13 milli<strong>on</strong>people. The Derg regime legitimized <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> forcedmovement of milli<strong>on</strong>s as an attempt to “promoterati<strong>on</strong>al land use; c<strong>on</strong>serve resources; streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>nsecurity; and provide access to clean water, health andeducati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure.” 62 Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> currentEthiopian government formed as part of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> socialupheavals reacting to Derg policies, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EPRDFpromotes its villagizati<strong>on</strong> program <strong>on</strong> a platformfor development and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> provisi<strong>on</strong> of social servicesthat is comparable to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Derg regime’s stance.in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Growth and Transformati<strong>on</strong> Plan(GTP). Approved in 2010, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> GTP states, “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Agricultural Development-Led Industrializati<strong>on</strong>Strategy emphasizes that small holder farmers andpastoralists need to use efficiently available modernagricultural technologies that increase productivityand producti<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> private sector willbe encouraged to increase its share of investmentin agriculture.” 63 The policy goes <strong>on</strong> to address <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>potential need for voluntary resettlement in an effortto increase agricultural producti<strong>on</strong> and to enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> of irrigati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure. As of 2012,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> program involving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlementof nearly 1.5 milli<strong>on</strong> people was being implementedin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>s of Gambella, Benishangul-Gumuz,Somali, South Omo, and Afar. 64The government of Ethiopia’s policy regardingagro-pastoralist and pastoralist areas is discussedPastoralists in Ethiopia face a number of challengesthat threaten <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sustainability of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir traditi<strong>on</strong>al10| The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
practices. As <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country has sought to developand diversify its ec<strong>on</strong>omy, land has been allocated<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state for o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r uses, reducing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> availabilityof grazing areas and water. 65 A USAID <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>challenges facing pastoral communities in Ethiopiaadds, “Trends indicative of climate change, suchas increasingly recurrent drought, floods, erraticrainfall patterns, and high temperatures are addingsignificantly to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se stresses.” 66 According topastoralist leaders cited in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> USAID <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>loss of traditi<strong>on</strong>al land and restricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> mobilitycan exacerbate inter- and intra-ethnic c<strong>on</strong>flict. 67The government of Ethiopia sees <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> clearing ofpastoral lands as imperative to its agriculturalmodernizati<strong>on</strong>. 68 However, independentinvestigati<strong>on</strong>s have found that, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r thatfreeing pastoralists from “precarious” c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s,villagizati<strong>on</strong> moved “large numbers of people intoc<strong>on</strong>centrated areas [resulting] in various adverseenvir<strong>on</strong>mental impacts including deforestati<strong>on</strong>,overgrazing, decrease in level of groundwater,disappearance of bamboo, and polluti<strong>on</strong> of watersources.” 69Reports of coerced resettlement to make way forindustrial plantati<strong>on</strong>s, particularly in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> LowerOmo Valley and Gambella, call into questi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>government’s asserti<strong>on</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement isvoluntary. 70 In particular, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>’sinvestigati<strong>on</strong>s have found a c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong> between<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed efforts <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopiato change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pastoral agricultural models and<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> visible and extensive efforts to allocate primeEthiopian land for large-scale m<strong>on</strong>oculturedevelopment.The following secti<strong>on</strong>s suggest that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> policiesand initiatives funded <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> major d<strong>on</strong>ors directly,indirectly, and through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong> of a particularmodel of development provide financial supportfor and legitimize <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s most recentvillagizati<strong>on</strong> program. As recent investigati<strong>on</strong>s of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> program have revealed, direct flows linkingWestern aid and particular instances of forcedresettlement are difficult to establish—a resultof state decentralizati<strong>on</strong> and reliance <strong>on</strong> woredas(local administrative districts) and increasinggovernment restricti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> free press, popularinternet access, and political expressi<strong>on</strong>. 71 However,dozens of <strong>on</strong>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-ground interviews c<strong>on</strong>ducted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Human Rights Watch, ando<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r organizati<strong>on</strong>s suggest <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> muddled paper trailbetween foreign assistance and villagizati<strong>on</strong> is itselfsymptomatic of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> repressive envir<strong>on</strong>ment thatdiscourages public dissent. 72Background <strong>on</strong> Major D<strong>on</strong>orsOf <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> $2.8 billi<strong>on</strong> in total foreign aid committedto Ethiopia in 2011, commitments <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> US, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>World Bank Group, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> UK comprised $1.5billi<strong>on</strong> (see figure 1 below). The combined aid from<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se three d<strong>on</strong>ors c<strong>on</strong>sistently provides close tohalf of total internati<strong>on</strong>al assistance to Ethiopia.On average, Ethiopia has received $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong>from internati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors in recent years, whichrepresents between 50 to 60 percent of its nati<strong>on</strong>albudget. 73Indispensability of US AidOf <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> approximately $1.5 billi<strong>on</strong> in aid menti<strong>on</strong>edabove, US aid accounted for $813.8 milli<strong>on</strong>, of whichmore than half is focused <strong>on</strong> HIV/AIDS initiatives.Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> politically motivatedDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 11
distributi<strong>on</strong> of humanitarian aid have surfaced, thissecti<strong>on</strong> will focus <strong>on</strong> development assistance, whichcomprises a lesser but still sizable porti<strong>on</strong> of totalaid. 74 US n<strong>on</strong>-health aid appropriati<strong>on</strong>s to Ethiopiain fiscal year 2012 amounted to an estimated $204.7milli<strong>on</strong>. 75allocati<strong>on</strong>s of aid to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “Humanitarian Assistance”sector, which has seen a drop in appropriati<strong>on</strong>s from$309.5 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2010 to $35 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2012, and<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance”sector, which has fallen from $6 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2009 to$0.9 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2011.In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past four years, according to OECD records,aid appropriati<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Development”sector have grown significantly, increasing from a lowof $32.8 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2008 to $106.0 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2012. 76The increase in aid for ec<strong>on</strong>omic developmentto Ethiopia has occurred al<strong>on</strong>gside decreasingThe increasing c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of US developmentassistance <strong>on</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic development makes USaid indispensible to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia’sdevelopment plans. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recent decline inaid to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sectors meant to improve governance andensure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> protecti<strong>on</strong> of human rights is significantFigure 1: Total Multilateral and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Development Aid toEthiopia, 2007-201112| The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
“Golden opportunities in Ethiopia,” Sim<strong>on</strong> Davis/DFID.in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>text of growing c<strong>on</strong>cerns of human rightsabuses in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country. 77The World Bank GroupThe World Bank Group, through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Internati<strong>on</strong>alDevelopment Associati<strong>on</strong>, is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest multilaterald<strong>on</strong>or to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government. In 2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>WBG provided a total of $630 milli<strong>on</strong> in assistanceto Ethiopia, with over half of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> annual assistanceallocated as part of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Promoting Basic Services(PBS) initiative’s Phase II implementati<strong>on</strong>. 78 PBS,which is administered and implemented <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopia’sMinistry of Finance and Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Development,receives additi<strong>on</strong>al funds from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government ofEthiopia, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> African Development Bank, UK’sDepartment for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development (DfID),<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> European Uni<strong>on</strong> (EU), Austria, Italy, Germany,and Irish Aid. 79 The remaining WBG assistance toEthiopia was allocated to urban development andirrigati<strong>on</strong> and drainage infrastructure projects.UK Department for Internati<strong>on</strong>alDevelopmentFor three years now, Ethiopia has been <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largestrecipient of UK n<strong>on</strong>-humanitarian aid, withgrowing allocati<strong>on</strong>s. 80 In 2011, DfID c<strong>on</strong>tributed$97.5 milli<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PBS program and madesignificant allocati<strong>on</strong>s to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Productive Safety NetProgram (PSNP). DfID has come under increasingscrutiny following allegati<strong>on</strong>s of developmentassistance being used to fund Ethiopia’s villagizati<strong>on</strong>program through its support of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PBS and PSNP.Development Aid To Ethiopia |13
USAID’s Agricultural Development InitiativesUSAID’s ec<strong>on</strong>omic development assistance aims tosupport agricultural modernizati<strong>on</strong>. 81 Both USAIDand <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia stress <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessityto shift Ethiopian land from pastoral subsistenceproducti<strong>on</strong> to enable export commodities. A2010 USAID <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> challenges facing pastoralcommunities in Ethiopia c<strong>on</strong>cluded, “all of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>seefforts are essential and require equitable andc<strong>on</strong>flict-sensitive implementati<strong>on</strong> (especially <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>resettlement scheme), as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority of pastoralistgroups in Ethiopia are under a variety of pressuresthat are making <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir livelihoods increasinglyprecarious.” 82USAID agriculture initiatives like <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “Ethiopia:Land Tenure and Administrati<strong>on</strong> Program” (ELAP)support and enable <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’smodel of land reform that favors “agriculturalmodernizati<strong>on</strong>.” This USAID program, whichimplements “pastoral interventi<strong>on</strong>s,” has worked with<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pasadena-based c<strong>on</strong>sulting and engineering firmTetra Tech <strong>on</strong> five key activities. In additi<strong>on</strong> to legalc<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong>s and trainings <strong>on</strong> property managementfor sedentary and pastoral communities, TetraTech uses mapping, land registrati<strong>on</strong>s to promoteinvestment and provide “support for regi<strong>on</strong>al landagencies.” 83 This partnership between USAID andTetra Tech boasts am<strong>on</strong>g its objectives “targetinghigh-potential investment area[s] for expansi<strong>on</strong>of work <strong>on</strong> land certificati<strong>on</strong> and facilitating landtransacti<strong>on</strong>s.” 84 Comp<strong>on</strong>ent two of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> $5 milli<strong>on</strong>USAID-funded but MoARD-operated ELAPproject is to refine methodologies registrati<strong>on</strong> andcertificati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> stated purpose of facilitatinginvestment, land rental markets, and intensive cropproducti<strong>on</strong>. 85 Through ELAP, USAID is supporting<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s land strategy in regi<strong>on</strong>al statestargeted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong>, particularly in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>sof Afar, SNNP, and Somali. 86US development assistance is operating throughPresident Obama’s Feed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Future (FTF)initiative as well, which <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> takes up Ethiopia’spastoral questi<strong>on</strong>. The initiative divides Ethiopia<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> development c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s (“Hungry Ethiopia,”“Productive Ethiopia,” and “Pastoral Ethiopia”)and provides recommendati<strong>on</strong>s to make “PastoralEthiopia” more productive. FTF uses a model forpastoral development that c<strong>on</strong>tradicts USAID’sstated goals to preserve pastoral practices. The FTF’s“Linking to Vulnerable Markets” comp<strong>on</strong>ent seeksto push pastoral communities into development<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>necting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to agricultural value chains.Notably, FTF’s multi-year strategy documentspecifically menti<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>cerns about Ethiopia’s“policy of settlement regarding pastoral peoples” 87and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential for commercial farming andirrigati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure to disrupt traditi<strong>on</strong>almigrati<strong>on</strong> patterns and access to resources. In2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FTF initiative allocated over $40 milli<strong>on</strong>in nutriti<strong>on</strong> and agricultural development aid toEthiopia. 88 However, while FTF expresses c<strong>on</strong>cernover <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential impact to pastoral communities,it places primary importance <strong>on</strong> increasing privatesectorcapacity in pastoral areas as a means todevelopment. 8914| The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
Ruchi Soya soybeans plantati<strong>on</strong> in Gambella.There seems an inherent tensi<strong>on</strong> between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>stated purpose of empowering pastoral and agropastoralcommunities and initiatives that seekto fundamentally transform practices of pastoralproducti<strong>on</strong>. The Pastoral Livelihoods Initiative (PLIII), now in its sec<strong>on</strong>d phase, is a USAID initiativedevoted almost wholly to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pastoral questi<strong>on</strong>—perceived to be an ec<strong>on</strong>omic questi<strong>on</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than apolitical <strong>on</strong>e. Through PLI II, USAID pledged $15.9milli<strong>on</strong> starting in 2009 to streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> livelihoodsof 205,000 pastoralists in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Oromia, Somali, andAfar regi<strong>on</strong>s of Ethiopia. Working in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong>with dozens of woredas, PLI II focuses <strong>on</strong> resourcemanagement, “crisis modifiers” to preserve livestock,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “implementati<strong>on</strong> of income generatingactivities.” 90 A mid-term evaluati<strong>on</strong> released inJanuary 2012 explains how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> program engagedin limited practices of pastoral resettlement: “PLIII <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> facilitated <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relocati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> householdsfrom <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir inappropriately sited locales to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir newvillages,” as a resource management strategy. 91 Theevaluati<strong>on</strong> explained, under its “less<strong>on</strong>s learned”secti<strong>on</strong>, that, “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement of inappropriatelyestablished villages did not happen without acertain amount of resentment <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> part of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>people required to move,” and recommendedmore significant “buy-ins” to decrease resistanceto resettlement. 92 The resettlements under PLI IIseemed unc<strong>on</strong>nected to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’sofficial resettlement program—<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> noevidence to suggest that vacated land was laterleased. Yet what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> midterm evaluati<strong>on</strong> doessuggest is that relocati<strong>on</strong>s are not voluntary. Asdetailed below, no matter how well-meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>yare, development initiatives that turn a blind eyeto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> political and civil repressi<strong>on</strong> exercised <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Development Aid To Ethiopia | 15
Ethiopian government c<strong>on</strong>tradict <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir stated go<str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g>f streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning pastoral livelihoods, and maked<strong>on</strong>ors complicit, partly through negligence, in<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human rights abuses related to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlementprogram, and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r government approaches to“ec<strong>on</strong>omic development.”It must be acknowledged that, while <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se USAIDprograms operate within and str<strong>on</strong>gly reinforce<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> narrative of export-oriented agriculturaldevelopment through which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government ofEthiopia’s GTP and its villagizati<strong>on</strong> program islegitimized, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harmful effects of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’spastoral policies are often acknowledged <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> USAIDinitiatives. At a 2009 Ethiopian Land Tenure Policyand Administrati<strong>on</strong> Program (ELTAP) c<strong>on</strong>ference,<strong>on</strong>e presenter expressed c<strong>on</strong>cern: “A major problemis that Afar pastoralists, for example, are seen to besettling <strong>on</strong> prime agricultural land. If <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> situati<strong>on</strong>here is left to market forces <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> land would go to<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> highest bidder.” 93 ELTAP, a forerunner toELAP, was implemented between 2005 and 2008.Unfortunately, numerous investigati<strong>on</strong>s now suggestthat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2009 c<strong>on</strong>cerns expressed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ELTAPc<strong>on</strong>ference materialized with violent c<strong>on</strong>sequences,including in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ELTAP project regi<strong>on</strong>s of Afar andSomali. 94USAID <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s <strong>on</strong> agricultural developmentinitiatives show that official missi<strong>on</strong>s are not obliviousto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> marginalizati<strong>on</strong> caused <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> a particular form ofagricultural development. ELTAP documents havesuggested <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance of c<strong>on</strong>sidering alternativeforms of land tenure for pastoralists with differentland use patterns. However, unc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>al USAIDsupport for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> GTP fails to ensure that suchc<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s take place and thus enable, throughnegligence, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’s violentpolicies toward pastoralist populati<strong>on</strong>s. As <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> StateMinister of Natural Resources, Ato Sileshi Getahun,explained in an Ethiopian Land Administrati<strong>on</strong>Project (ELAP) workshop in Addis Ababa, “Landadministrati<strong>on</strong> will definitely c<strong>on</strong>tinue to be a focusarea of development in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> five year Growth andTransformati<strong>on</strong> Plan for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Government . . . <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>support of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> USAID-backed land administrati<strong>on</strong>and certificati<strong>on</strong> projects as well as those of o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rdevelopment partners . . . are paramount.” 95Promoting Basic Services (PBS)“I like to compare <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current d<strong>on</strong>ors to Italians who built roads for Haile Selassie. Without <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Italian roads, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Emperor could not have c<strong>on</strong>trolled <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state. Without <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> d<strong>on</strong>or’s m<strong>on</strong>ey, Zenawi could not hold it toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r—<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>PSCAP and PBS are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> d<strong>on</strong>or-funded bureaucracy. The d<strong>on</strong>ors should be more careful.”--World Bank official, 2009 96In 2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank Group allocated $420milli<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Protecti<strong>on</strong> of Basic Services Program(PBS), which has now been approved for a thirdphase with a promise of $600 milli<strong>on</strong> in assistance. 97PBS focuses <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> educati<strong>on</strong>, water, agriculturalextensi<strong>on</strong>, health, and road c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> sectors,with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> program’s funds distributed am<strong>on</strong>g locallevel governments and civil servants. The PBS issignificant am<strong>on</strong>g development initiatives because itfuncti<strong>on</strong>s as budget support for existing federal andlocal government expenditures. The PBS does notprovide budget support to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> central government,but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r more directly to woreda level governments.While a main reas<strong>on</strong> for directing budget supportsto district level government was to encouragetransparency, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> decentralized distributi<strong>on</strong> of16 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
PBS funds has remained relatively murky andresearch suggests that nati<strong>on</strong>al politics do affectlocal government policy. 98 For this reas<strong>on</strong>, d<strong>on</strong>orslike USAID do not participate in PBS, expressingc<strong>on</strong>cerns over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “unc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>al budget supportas well as c<strong>on</strong>cerns about inadequate m<strong>on</strong>itoring ofexpenditure impact.” 99In September 2012, two representatives of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Anuak people filed a request for an inspecti<strong>on</strong> of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PBS program <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG’s Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel, 100claiming that PBS “[c<strong>on</strong>tributes] directly to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Ethiopian Government’s Villagizati<strong>on</strong> Programin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>.” 101 The letter, directed toWBG president Dr. Jim Y<strong>on</strong>g Kim, recounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>daily displacement of families to Kenyan refugeecamps. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s of current coerced displacementof Anuak people are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> latest in a l<strong>on</strong>g history ofEDF and government violence against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak.As a 2006 <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> UNICEF found, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuakpeople are am<strong>on</strong>g a large populati<strong>on</strong> living in a“culture of fear.” Moreover, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> calls intoquesti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> claims of famine as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reas<strong>on</strong> forpastoral hunger: “The Anuak populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>edthat when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> military [EDF] presence in Abobo isheavy <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y do not have access to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flour-grindingmill due to insecurity al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> road. They <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed that . . . <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are required to bring a letterfrom <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> authorities for permissi<strong>on</strong> to access <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mill.” 102 Similar instances of EDF-induced resourceshortages around water and land were observed in<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regi<strong>on</strong>.The recent plea <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak highlights PBS’svulnerability to “political capture.” This term,introduced <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank itself, refers to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>danger that a “government could use its d<strong>on</strong>orfundedstructures and services to c<strong>on</strong>trol andoppress <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong>; severely impinge up<strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir rights to freedom of expressi<strong>on</strong>, associati<strong>on</strong>,and assembly; and discriminate against its citizensbased <strong>on</strong> political affiliati<strong>on</strong>.” 103 The WBG’sInspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel, which has since agreed toc<strong>on</strong>duct an investigati<strong>on</strong> into a potential breach ofa WBG safeguard against supporting resettlement,explained, “from a development perspective, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>two programs [PBS and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement program]depend <strong>on</strong> each o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, and may mutually influenceNuer village in Karuturi lease area.Development Aid To Ethiopia | 17
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r.” 104 In what has been calledan “unprecedented” decisi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government ofEthiopia has expressed its refusal to cooperate with<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel’s <strong>on</strong>going investigati<strong>on</strong>. 105It should be noted that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> UNICEF <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> wasreleased at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> US military assistance to<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EDF was growing in anticipati<strong>on</strong> of hostilitieswith Somalia, seemingly enabling both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EDF’smissi<strong>on</strong> in Somalia and indirectly c<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>violence against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak community <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n being<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>ed. 106More recent research supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak’s claimthat PBS funds have fallen into political capture <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government. A 2009 investigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g>Human Rights Watch found that “d<strong>on</strong>or-fundedservices, resources, and training opportunities werebeing used as treats or rewards for citizens to join <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ruling party and cease supporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> oppositi<strong>on</strong>.” 107PBS funds from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG have come underscrutiny over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir potential use in funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>villagizati<strong>on</strong> policies. The WBG has c<strong>on</strong>ceded that“in some instances households had been encouragedto voluntarily cluster in communities where WorldBank and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r d<strong>on</strong>or-financed infrastructurealready exists or is planned to be provided in orderto have easier access to water points, schools, healthcenters, and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r services.” 108PBS and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significantly smaller Public SectorCapacity Building Programme (PSCAP)address important social needs in Ethiopia. ThePSCAP aims to streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n state capacity anddecentralizati<strong>on</strong>. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “predominance of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EPRDF party” in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public sector results in aform of decentralizati<strong>on</strong> that marginalizes politicaldissent at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> local level. 109 Development assistancecan lead to local empowerment, but in Ethiopia,where aid increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity for a governmentengaged in large-scale resettlements, it has led toa c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of political power in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hands ofthose who administer <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> assistance.Ethiopia’s Nati<strong>on</strong>al Food Security Program (NFSP)In 2005, Ethiopia, with assistance from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WorldBank, launched <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Food SecurityProgramme (NFSP), a series of programs aimed ataddressing food insecurity primarily through foodand cash transfers. The inaugural NFSP (2005-2009)included three major comp<strong>on</strong>ents: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ProductiveSafety Net Program (PSNP), O<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r Food SecurityProgram (OFSP), and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Voluntary ResettlementProgram (VRP). 110 In 2010, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d phaseof FSP began a four-year implementati<strong>on</strong>, withfour main programs, PSNP, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Household AssetBuilding Program (HABP), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ComplementaryCommunity Investment Program (CCI) and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Resettlement Program. Both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government ofEthiopia and internati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors are clear inpointing out that foreign funds c<strong>on</strong>tribute <strong>on</strong>ly to<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PSNP and HABP comp<strong>on</strong>ents; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governmentfunds <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> NFSP’s “o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r elements.” 111Of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> principal programs of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FSP, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ProductiveSafety Net Program (PSNP) is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest—in factit is am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest social protecti<strong>on</strong> programsin sub-Saharan Africa. Since its incepti<strong>on</strong> in 2005,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PSNP has managed an aggregate budget of18 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
$2.3 billi<strong>on</strong>—a budget composed of aid from10 development partners including DfID,USAID, WBG, Irish Aid, Canadian Internati<strong>on</strong>alDevelopment Agency, World Food Program,Swedish Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development Agency, and<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ne<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rlands. 112 Commitments for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2012implementati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> third phase of PSNP stoodat $700 milli<strong>on</strong> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> year. 113While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> popular and well funded PSNPoperates under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same umbrella program as<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Resettlement Program, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>crete, <strong>on</strong>-<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ground,relati<strong>on</strong>ship between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two programsremains under-researched. By distributing PSNPaid to local governments via NGOs ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government, d<strong>on</strong>ors hope to remain separatefrom <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Resettlement Program. The table belowillustrates <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> structure of FSP that ensures that<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foreign assistance does not c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>resettlement, while still uniting all efforts <strong>on</strong> aunique path to food security.This structural separati<strong>on</strong> appeases d<strong>on</strong>ors whoare reluctant to be associated with resettlementefforts over c<strong>on</strong>cerns “regarding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social andenvir<strong>on</strong>mental impacts of large-scale resettlementprograms in Ethiopia.” 114 Yet <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> billi<strong>on</strong>dollarPSNP program, foreign d<strong>on</strong>ors ensure <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sustainability (and popularity) of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> whole FSPprogram, indirectly legitimizing and supporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>resettlement program.As an unnamed senior official foreign involved inPSNP lamented, “There is a big moral dilemmaabout <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PSNP. Yes, we are feeding people, butwe are <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> supporting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government that isrepressing its people, that is using it as an instrumentof c<strong>on</strong>trol.” 115Figure 2: Food Security Program Hierarchy of ObjectivesDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 19
20 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>New electric lines, Addis Ababa.
Gibe III DamEthiopia has been described as a “major ‘watertower’ in Africa.” 116 The locati<strong>on</strong> of headwaters tomany rivers within Ethiopia has made it a primeinterest for large hydropower dams as well as waterintensiveagricultural development. Research <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g>Bread for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World shows that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> emphasis <strong>on</strong>large dam c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> is unfit for local, small-scaleproducti<strong>on</strong> and overwhelmingly benefits large-scalem<strong>on</strong>oculture export producers. 117 The c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>of large dams results in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dispossessi<strong>on</strong> of land,water, and of culture in Ethiopia, and impactspeople and ecosystems in neighboring countriesdownstream as well.The Gibe III Dam is currently <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> largest dam in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>country and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> tallest in Africa. The dam is underc<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lower Omo regi<strong>on</strong> of sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rnEthiopia, which is a UNESCO World HeritageSite, and will have major, lasting impacts <strong>on</strong> LakeTurkana in Kenya, ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r World Heritage Site.The Lower Omo regi<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> home toapproximately 200,000 agro-pastoralists made up ofsome of Africa’s most unique and traditi<strong>on</strong>al ethnicgroups, including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kwegu, Bodi, Suri, Mursi,Nyangatom, Hamer, Karo, and Dassenach, am<strong>on</strong>go<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> words of late-prime minister Zenawi,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dam will allow for an area “known as backwardin terms of civilizati<strong>on</strong> . . . [to] become an exampleof rapid development.” 118 Plans call for water from<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gibe III Dam to be used to irrigate 245,000hectares of government-run sugar plantati<strong>on</strong>s. 119However, as Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rivers <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> damposes serious threats for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo River, “a lifelinefor hundreds of thousands of local farmers, herdersand fishermen, who depend <strong>on</strong> its nourishing floodsto sustain <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir most reliable sources of food.” 120 Thedam will likely have devastating impacts <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>fragile ecosystems of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lower Omo Valley andaffect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> livelihoods of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 500,000 local peoplewho depend <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m in Ethiopia and <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> in Kenya,as a result of downstream effects <strong>on</strong> Lake Turkana. 121Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rivers categorizes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gibe III Damam<strong>on</strong>g projects that are so blatantly destructivethat few internati<strong>on</strong>al organizati<strong>on</strong>s can publicallysupport <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m--such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> oil wells in Sudan’sc<strong>on</strong>flict z<strong>on</strong>es and China’s Three Gorges Dam. 122This must not have been lost <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopiangovernment, since in 2012 it withdrew requestsfor assistance for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dam from several d<strong>on</strong>ors.Limited assistance has instead come from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> IndianEXIM Bank and Chinese investors. 123 In August2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kenyan parliament passed a resoluti<strong>on</strong>requiring suspensi<strong>on</strong> of dam c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> pendingfur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r studies. This makes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> recent approval of$684 milli<strong>on</strong> in funding from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank fora power transmissi<strong>on</strong> line c<strong>on</strong>necting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gibe IIIDam and Kenya particularly surprising. 124 WBGofficials circumvented its social and envir<strong>on</strong>mentalstandards <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> saying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transmissi<strong>on</strong> line is notassociated with just this <strong>on</strong>e dam, and that o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rprojects will feed into this grid. Str<strong>on</strong>g evidencelinks this transmissi<strong>on</strong> line to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gibe III Dam.The Resettlement Acti<strong>on</strong> Plan, an official projectdocument, states that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> line “is planned to providereliable power supply to Kenya <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> taking it fromEthiopia’s Gilgel Gibe hydropower scheme.” 125The Bank c<strong>on</strong>firmed in a March 2010 letter that<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government had “asked <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WorldBank to c<strong>on</strong>sider providing funding support to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Gibe III hydropower project and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> associatedDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 21
transmissi<strong>on</strong> lines.” But as c<strong>on</strong>troversy over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> damgrew, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bank edited its Resettlement Acti<strong>on</strong> Planto replace <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reference to Gibe <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> “from Ethiopia’spower grid” in its versi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> document. 126 When<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bank approved <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> loan in 2012, it c<strong>on</strong>vincedits Board that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dam and transmissi<strong>on</strong> line werenot “associated facilities” and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> safeguardpolicies that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dam project would have triggereddid not apply.D<strong>on</strong>ors that are supportive of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project c<strong>on</strong>tributeto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human and ecological destructi<strong>on</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> damwill cause in a few particular ways. By supporting<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s capabilities with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> programsmenti<strong>on</strong>ed in this <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Western aid supportsforced resettlement in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> areas affected <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> damand related large-scale irrigati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure.Moreover, through backdoor support of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dam,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG is complicit in its human and ecologicaleffects.Since c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> started in 2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> has received c<strong>on</strong>sistent and credible <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>sof human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EDF, particularlyagainst <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ethnic groups in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lower Omo Valley.These <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s call into questi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’sinsistence that all resettlements are voluntary. “Wehave no choice,” <strong>on</strong>e resettled Omo native explainedto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>. “The government forcesus to stay and work for plantati<strong>on</strong>s or be exiled.” 127Figure 3: Overlap Between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Villagizati<strong>on</strong> Program and D<strong>on</strong>or-Funded Development Programs22 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
The Different Forms of ComplicityD<strong>on</strong>or Investigati<strong>on</strong>s OverlookingEvidenceAlthough DfID is Ethiopia’s third biggest d<strong>on</strong>or(coming behind <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> US and WBG in annualallocati<strong>on</strong>s of development aid to Ethiopia), itcurrently remains am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most scrutinized due toallegati<strong>on</strong>s of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> political capture of DfID funds foruse in villagizati<strong>on</strong>. Specifically, a lawsuit filed <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>-based Leigh Day & Co. representing a manidentified as Mr. O alleges that “[On] November2011, soldiers from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian Nati<strong>on</strong>al DefenseForce (ENDF) arrived at his village. They told <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>inhabitants to leave and move to a different locati<strong>on</strong>.The resettlement was forced. The harvest was ripebut <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagers were not given any time to bring itin.” 128 Leigh Day claims that through its support forPBS, which funds <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> health, agricultural support,roads, water, and educati<strong>on</strong> sectors, DfID finances<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> infrastructure and salaries required under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>villagizati<strong>on</strong> program.After a first d<strong>on</strong>or missi<strong>on</strong> in February 2011,DfID, USAID, Irish Aid, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United Nati<strong>on</strong>sc<strong>on</strong>ducted a follow-up assessment in June 2012looking at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> program in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Gambellaregi<strong>on</strong>. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> from this five-day field missi<strong>on</strong>cites increased access to services and infrastructuresfor resettled people, including better access to water,educati<strong>on</strong> and transportati<strong>on</strong>. 129 Though <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> missi<strong>on</strong>found no evidence of forced relocati<strong>on</strong>, it observedthat “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pressure <strong>on</strong> government officials to reach<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir allocated target of relocati<strong>on</strong>s of people seemedhigh, with <strong>on</strong>e village stating that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y had beenasked to move within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> next week or lose out <strong>on</strong>food aid distributi<strong>on</strong>s.” 130 The missi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> warnedthat “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale and speed of relocati<strong>on</strong> is causingmajor disrupti<strong>on</strong>s to livelihoods. Land is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majorsource of tensi<strong>on</strong>. Whilst <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority of villagershad been allocated some land, this was usually lessthat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> agreed 4 hectares. In additi<strong>on</strong>, most of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>new land had not been cleared, and remained underforest. Therefore people had very limited livelihoodopti<strong>on</strong>s and some felt that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se had reduced dueto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lack to access to fishing and riverside mangotrees.” 131A USAID-DfID assessment team traveled to SouthOmo in January 2012 and heard direct testim<strong>on</strong>iesfrom local communities c<strong>on</strong>firming <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extentof human right violati<strong>on</strong>s. These included arrestsof people, destructi<strong>on</strong> of grain stores for landclearance, government threats including “sell yourcattle or we will inject and kill <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m,” c<strong>on</strong>fiscati<strong>on</strong> ofcattle medicine, limitati<strong>on</strong> of access to agriculturallands, siph<strong>on</strong>ing off of food aid, use of force andintimidati<strong>on</strong> with presence of ‘military’ [likelyfederal police], rape of women and in <strong>on</strong>e case ayoung boy. 132 The team found that “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mursi andBodi in particular stated that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were living in fear,resorting to o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r food sources or going hungry.”Development Aid To Ethiopia | 23
The assessment <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cludes that “although<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se allegati<strong>on</strong>s are extremely serious, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y couldnot be substantiated <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> visit.” 133In 2012, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Finnish Foreign Ministry beganquesti<strong>on</strong>ing assistance funding to Ethiopia whena Finnish diplomat uncovered <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential use of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir proposed Resp<strong>on</strong>sible and Innovative LandAdministrati<strong>on</strong> initiative to bolster villagizati<strong>on</strong>in Ethiopia. An investigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sultantfirm Finnmap found that “most groups [said]<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y moved out of obligati<strong>on</strong> to avoid trouble.” 134After c<strong>on</strong>ducting research and interviews in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Benishangul-Gumez regi<strong>on</strong>, Finnmap suggested<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> different assessments. There seems to be nocommitment and no sense of urgency to take a firmpublic positi<strong>on</strong> or review <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> terms of internati<strong>on</strong>alassistance as regards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current situati<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia.Britain’s Minister for Overseas Development said inresp<strong>on</strong>se to a parliamentary questi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> November5, 2012 that “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Department for Internati<strong>on</strong>alDevelopment was not able to substantiate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>allegati<strong>on</strong>s of human rights violati<strong>on</strong> it receivedduring its visit to South Omo in January 2012,and will be returning to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> area to examine <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sefur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r.” Yet to our knowledge, no such sec<strong>on</strong>d visithas taken place. 137“The positive role played <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopia within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn of Africa regi<strong>on</strong> is a str<strong>on</strong>gbasis for USG c<strong>on</strong>structive engagement with Ethiopia, despite problems such as<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> democracy deficit.”--USAID 148that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s resettlement policies, inadditi<strong>on</strong> to being coerced, triggered “c<strong>on</strong>siderablesocial and ecological disrupti<strong>on</strong>.” 135 Moreover,Finnmap’s investigati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cluded that “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>authorities have been more focused <strong>on</strong> movingpeople than providing for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m new villages.” 136This official <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tradicts <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’snarrative of voluntary resettlement.These different <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s c<strong>on</strong>firm that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> d<strong>on</strong>orcommunity is well aware of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human rightviolati<strong>on</strong>s as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> massive human andenvir<strong>on</strong>mental impacts of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current developmentpolicy.Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no indicati<strong>on</strong> that any meaningfulmeasures have been taken <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> d<strong>on</strong>ors as a result ofC<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>s Between DevelopmentAid Policy and PracticeAll <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> large d<strong>on</strong>ors menti<strong>on</strong>ed in this <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> haveexplicit policies meant to prevent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diversi<strong>on</strong> ofaid to enact violence and human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s.The World Bank Group, for example, is boundto hold all aid allocati<strong>on</strong>s to an “InvoluntaryResettlement Policy,” which, in additi<strong>on</strong> toprohibiting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of World Bank Funds forforced resettlement, stipulates that all communitiespeacefully resettled must be guaranteed social andphysical infrastructure. It should be noted that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>provisi<strong>on</strong> was added to WBG aid allocati<strong>on</strong>s aftera 1994 internal evaluati<strong>on</strong> found that an estimated$3.2 milli<strong>on</strong> people worldwide had been displacedannually under infrastructure partially funded <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG. 13824 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
When members of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak community from aSouth Sudan refugee camp filed a request for aninvestigati<strong>on</strong> in 2012, <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s surfaced that WBGmanagement placed pressure <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Inspecti<strong>on</strong>Panel over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential investigati<strong>on</strong>, denying anygrounds for an investigati<strong>on</strong>. 139 Moreover, <strong>on</strong>e dayafter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Anuak’s request of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG’s PBS programwas filed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bank approved <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Phase III allocati<strong>on</strong>of $600 milli<strong>on</strong> to PBS. 140 Even with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>goinginvestigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank’s Inspecti<strong>on</strong>Panel, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’s unprecedentedrefusal to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> investigati<strong>on</strong> illustrates<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lack of transparency and accountability in aiddisbursement to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government thatputs vulnerable communities in danger.USAID recognizes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> necessity for resettlement ofpoorly settled communities, in line with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Growthand Transformati<strong>on</strong> Plan, 141 but stipulates that<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement be implemented <strong>on</strong> a voluntarybasis and in an “equitable and c<strong>on</strong>flict-sensitive”manner. 142 C<strong>on</strong>cluding USAID-DfID’s June 2012joint <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> villagizati<strong>on</strong> program 143 is<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following list of parameters for villagizati<strong>on</strong>:voluntary resettlement, advanced preparednessof services, adequate water, land, and inputs. The<str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>’s findings suggest that all <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>separameters have been violated.D<strong>on</strong>ors <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> reveal c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>irengagement with pastoralist communities. Whiled<strong>on</strong>ors claim a desire to support pastoralistcommunities to achieve sustainable development,support for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia’s pastoralistpolicies work against this goal. A USAID discussi<strong>on</strong>paper illustrates this c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>: “The GTP’s planfor pastoral development gives priority to waterdevelopment and sets ambitious targets increasingexport earnings from live animals and meat exportscombined. . . . The GTP projects resettlementof pastoralists <strong>on</strong> a voluntary basis . . . in areasc<strong>on</strong>venient to irrigati<strong>on</strong> development.” 144There is certainly a c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>, if not hypocrisy, inWestern d<strong>on</strong>ors’ denial of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> legitimacy of <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>edforced resettlement <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e hand, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>necessity to clarify that absolutely no developmentassistance directly funds <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’sResettlement Program under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FSP. It seems that ifinternati<strong>on</strong>al d<strong>on</strong>ors were secure over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> integrity of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia’s voluntary resettlementprogram, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reluctance to be associated with itwould not be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re. Ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than addressing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> issueof forced resettlement under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FSP, foreign d<strong>on</strong>orshave chosen to support <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resettlement program’sintegral sister programs.Discrepancies between policy and practice can bemore clearly deceiving. The World Bank’s “backdoor”funding of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transmissi<strong>on</strong> line c<strong>on</strong>necting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> GibeIII Dam to Kenya was approved after credible <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>sof detrimental human and envir<strong>on</strong>mental impactswere released, and widespread c<strong>on</strong>demnati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>project’s envir<strong>on</strong>mental and social assessments madeit clear that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project is a threat to regi<strong>on</strong>al stabilityand security. This decisi<strong>on</strong> shows clear weaknessesin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> World Bank’s own policies (especially itsdefiniti<strong>on</strong> of what an “associated facility” is), and anofficial disregard of its own stated intent to whichavoid funding of involuntary displacement.Ethiopian human rights abuses have been <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>edin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> halls of US C<strong>on</strong>gress as well. In 2006,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Center for Public Integrity highlighted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Ethiopia Freedom, Democracy and Human RightsDevelopment Aid To Ethiopia | 25
Advancement Act, which proposed capping militaryaid to Ethiopia until political pris<strong>on</strong>ers were providedfair trials. 145 The bill was ultimately defeatedfollowing objecti<strong>on</strong>s from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> State Departmentand pressure <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lob<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g>ing firm DLA Piper <strong>on</strong>behalf of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir client, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government of Ethiopia. 146Negligence occurs not <strong>on</strong>ly in relati<strong>on</strong> to widespreadallegati<strong>on</strong>s of human rights violati<strong>on</strong>s, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>stated policy of individual d<strong>on</strong>ors is <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> ignored.It is perhaps a result of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se glaring c<strong>on</strong>tradicti<strong>on</strong>sthat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> WBG’s Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel recently called <strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bank’s management to initiate an investigati<strong>on</strong>of its PBS initiative. 147form of annual funds transfers. Developmentassistance has been a key political tool in Ethiopia,a power broker enabling some interests whilemarginalizing o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs.Ethiopia is ruled <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> a hardline dictatorship, so itshould be no surprise that unchecked assistance toa hegem<strong>on</strong>ic political party gets diverted to effortsto maintain political c<strong>on</strong>trol. What is difficult tounderstand is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> West’s c<strong>on</strong>tinued reverence for<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> face of blatantrepressi<strong>on</strong> and abuses of power. Former PrimeMinister Zenawi is hailed as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brilliant “s<strong>on</strong> ofEthiopia and a fa<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r of its rebirth,” but, as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Guardian notes, this renaissance was “tainted“Perhaps USAID/Ethiopia’s greatest dilemma with directly funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Governmentof Ethiopia is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EPRDF’s total dominance over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire political and ec<strong>on</strong>omicarena, making it virtually indistinguishable from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government. So, if USAID was toprovide direct funding to Government of Ethiopia instituti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United States couldbe accused of funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ruling party.”--USAID 150Funding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Development StateIt is worth noting again <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> staggering factthat foreign development assistance representsbetween 50 to 60 percent of Ethiopia’s nati<strong>on</strong>albudget. 149 While this <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> has suggested str<strong>on</strong>glinks between Western aid and specific instancesof state repressi<strong>on</strong> and programs that are greatlydetrimental to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> livelihoods of local communities,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> indispensability of foreign assistance to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>functi<strong>on</strong>ing of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EPRDF-led government isenough to establish d<strong>on</strong>or complicity in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state’shuman rights violati<strong>on</strong>s.<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> authoritarianism.” 151 Recent popular unrestsuggests that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> government’s authoritarianismhas not changed significantly under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> leadershipof Hailemariam Desalegn. 152 It is this uncheckedpolitical support of an undemocratic and repressiveparty coupled with more direct backdoor supportof destructive development initiatives that makedevelopment assistance complicit in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> humanand civil rights violati<strong>on</strong>s against some of Ethiopia’smost marginalized peoples.This <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> has showed that Western developmentassistance to Ethiopia has not assumed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> passive26 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
Malaysian plantati<strong>on</strong> in Koka near Kibish.C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>While <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> recognizes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> need forinternati<strong>on</strong>al solidarity and support to agriculturalinvestment to improve livelihoods and food securityin Ethiopia, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> current approach is yielding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>opposite effect. The potential for equitable ec<strong>on</strong>omicsecurity and wellbeing in many of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> internati<strong>on</strong>aldevelopment programs highlighted in this <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> isundermined <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> undemocratic and increasinglyrepressive form of governance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se programs fail toaddress. There exists sufficient and reliable evidenceto warrant a comprehensive rec<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> ofdevelopment assistance to Ethiopia.This evidence suggests d<strong>on</strong>or involvement in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Ethiopian government’s repressive policies in threeprimary ways.First, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’s legitimacy andcapacity, enabled <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> over $2 billi<strong>on</strong> in annualdevelopment aid, is granted with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledgethat competing political opini<strong>on</strong>s are increasinglysusceptible to unlawful arrest and physical violence,that those resisting development policies are subjectto intimidati<strong>on</strong> and abuse in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> hands of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ENDF, and that dissenting opini<strong>on</strong>s are frequentlystifled under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> banner of anti-terrorism.Sec<strong>on</strong>d, this <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> suggests that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> particularprograms funded <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> foreign assistance (like PBSand PSNP) serve as political tools used to fund <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>government’s villagizati<strong>on</strong> program.Third, development aid is enabling <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> EthiopianGrowth and Transformati<strong>on</strong> Plan, which promotesa model of agricultural development that increases<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> food insecurity of rural communities and makes<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m susceptible to resettlement to make way for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>irrigati<strong>on</strong> infrastructure necessitated <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> large-scaleplantati<strong>on</strong>s run or financed <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> foreign investors.The allegati<strong>on</strong>s of violence in Ethiopiandevelopment policies warrant serious attenti<strong>on</strong>, notleast because of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role of d<strong>on</strong>or aid in enablingand streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ning undemocratic practices. Thisproblem is not simply <strong>on</strong>e of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian peopleor of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> heads of development aid organizati<strong>on</strong>s. AsUSAID and DfID underscore in widely distributedslogans, development aid comes “from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> people.”Accountability for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> disbursement of aid is dueto <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian people as well as to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> people ofd<strong>on</strong>or nati<strong>on</strong>s.The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> has been calling for a trulyindependent investigati<strong>on</strong> that should be undertaken<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> independent internati<strong>on</strong>al experts in Ethiopiaas well as in refugee settlements in neighboringcountries such as Kenya. The key d<strong>on</strong>ors to Ethiopiashould back this demand in order to allow accurateand objective informati<strong>on</strong> to surface and to ensurethat <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir aid is not being used to restrict freedoms,violate human rights, or stifle democracy.Development Aid To Ethiopia | 27
ENDNOTES1. $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> average amount of Overseas DevelopmentAssistance from 2007 to 2011 according to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Organizati<strong>on</strong> forEc<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Development website, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> budget of Ethiopia was estimated at$5.6 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2011 and $7 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2012, see CIA World Factbook,https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-world-factbook/geos/et.html, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Africa Report, http://www.<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>africa<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.com/East-Horn-Africa/ethiopia-proposes-7-billi<strong>on</strong>-budget.html, both accessedMarch 28, 2013.2. Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook—Ethiopia,”https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-world-factbook/geos/et.html, accessed June 20, 2013.3. USAID Ethiopia, “Country Development Cooperati<strong>on</strong> Strategy2011-2015: Accelerating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Transformati<strong>on</strong> Toward Prosperity,”March 2012, p.12.4. Ibid.5. Bill Clint<strong>on</strong> quoted in Salem Solom<strong>on</strong>, “Susan Rice and Africa’sDespots,” New York Times, December 9, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/opini<strong>on</strong>/susan-rice-and-africas-despots.html?_r=0,accessed March 28, 2013.6. USAID website, Ethiopia page, http://www.usaid.gov/where-wework/africa/ethiopia,accessed March 28, 2013.7. Ibid; CIA World Factbook, Ethiopia page, https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-world-factbook/geos/et.html, accessedMarch 28, 2013.8. Steve Radelet, “Emerging Africa: How 17 Countries are Leading<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Way,” Center for Global Development, September 16, 2010;Owen Barder, “Ec<strong>on</strong>omic growth has made <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> developing world lessdepended <strong>on</strong> aid,” Guardian UK, December 27, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/dec/27/africa-ec<strong>on</strong>omic-growth-less-aid, accessed March 28, 2013.9. Ibid, p.3; for an expositi<strong>on</strong> of Ethiopia’s investing climate, see:<str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa.Country Report: Ethiopia,” 2011, p.16, 22-28.10. Mark Tran, “Ethiopia’s renaissance under Meles Zenawi tainted<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> authoritarianism,” Guardian UK, August 21, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/aug/21/ethiopia-renaissance-meles-zenawi, accessed March 28, 2013.11. $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> average amount of Overseas DevelopmentAssistance from 2007 to 2011 according to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Organizati<strong>on</strong> forEc<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Development website, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> budget of Ethiopia wasestimated to be at $5.6 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2011 and $7 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2012, seeCIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>world-factbook/geos/et.html,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Africa Report, http://www.<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>africa<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.com/East-Horn-Africa/ethiopia-proposes-7-billi<strong>on</strong>budget.html,both accessed March 28, 2013.12. Organizati<strong>on</strong> for Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Developmentwebsite, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013.13. Peter Gill, Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2010), p.85.14. Ministry of Finance and Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Development, “Plan forAccelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP):Volume I: Main Text,” September 2006, p.6-7.15. See: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Omo: Local Tribes Under Threat. A FieldReport From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo Valley, Ethiopia,” January 2013; Human RightsWatch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacement and ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ inEthiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” January 2012, p.25-54.16. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Understanding Land Investment Deals inAfrica: Half a Milli<strong>on</strong> Lives threatened <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Land Developments forSugar Plantati<strong>on</strong>s in Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley,” September 2011.17. Ibid.18. Human Rights Watch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacementand ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” January 2012,p.39.19. Finnmap, “Socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omic baseline study and assessment of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>impact of villagizati<strong>on</strong>,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, May2, 2012; “Multi-Agency ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ Missi<strong>on</strong> to Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>alState, Ethiopia Report,” USAID, DiFD, UN, and Irish Aid, June2012, p.10-11.20. UK Aid--Department of Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development, “CivilSociety Challenge Fund: Visit to Ethiopia Final Report,” February2011.21. Clar Ni Ch<strong>on</strong>ghalie, “Ethiopia’s Resettlement Scheme LeavesLives Shattered and UK Facing Questi<strong>on</strong>s,” Guardian UK, January22, 2013.22. Organizati<strong>on</strong> for Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Developmentwebsite, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013.23. Thomas P. Ofcansky and Laverle Berry, Eds., Ethiopia: A CountryStudy, (Washingt<strong>on</strong>, D.C.: Federal Research Divisi<strong>on</strong>, Library ofC<strong>on</strong>gress, 1993), p.233.24. Amanda Kay McVety, Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as ForeignPolicy in Ethiopia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p.123.25. Ibid, p.125.26. Ofcansky and Berry, Eds., Ethiopia: A Country Study, p. 258.27. Human Rights Watch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacementand ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” January 2012,p.12.28. Reports to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> from South Omo, Ethiopia, July16, 2011.29. See: Foreign Affairs “Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance,” May-June2012, p.2; for a discussi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase in development assistancefollowing Zenawi’s rise, see: Mark Tran, “Ethiopia’s renaissance underMeles Zenawi tainted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> authoritarianism,” Guardian UK, August 21,2012.30. Organizati<strong>on</strong> for Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Developmentwebsite, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013.31. Foreign Affairs, “Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance,” May-June 2012,p.4;32. Nazret.com, “Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Awarded<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> First African Green Revoluti<strong>on</strong> Yara Prize,” July 19, 2005. http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2005/07/19/ethiopian_prime_minister_meles_zenawi_aw, accessed March 28, 2013; for a critique of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> price<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Human Rights Watch, see: Chris Albin-Lackey, “The Dark Sideof Ethiopia’s ‘Green Revoluti<strong>on</strong>,” Human Rights Watch, September6, 2005. http://www.hrw.org/news/2005/09/04/dark-side-ethiopia-sgreen-revoluti<strong>on</strong>,accessed March 28, 2013.33. USAID, “USAID, DuP<strong>on</strong>t Work with Government of Ethiopiato Improve Food Security,” January 24, 2013; <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>,“Understanding Land Investment Deals in Africa. Country Report:Ethiopia,” 2012, p.7-8; For a broader discussi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effects offood price volatility, see: Frederic Mousseau, “The High Food PriceChallenge: A Review of Resp<strong>on</strong>ses to Combat Hunger,” <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 2010.34. Alex de Waal estimated <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> death count at around 400,000. See:Human Rights Watch, “Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine inEthiopia,” September 1991, p.5.35. Food and Agriculture Organizati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> United Nati<strong>on</strong>s website,http://www.fao.org/hunger/en, accessed March 28, 2013.36. All sources accessed March 28, 2013: Maplecroft, “Africannati<strong>on</strong>s dominate Maplecroft’s new Food Security Index—China andRussia will face challenges,” August 19, 2010. http://maplecroft.com/about/news/food-security.html. The humanitarian requirement for2012 identified 3.76 milli<strong>on</strong> people in need of emergency food aid;see: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HRD%20July-Dec%202012.pdf. In 2011, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number was 4.5 milli<strong>on</strong>; seehttp://reliefweb.int/<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>/ethiopia/humanitarian-requirements-2011-joint-government-and-humanitarian-partners-document. Thenumber of people in need of emergency food was 5 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2010and 2009, 6 milli<strong>on</strong> in 2008; see http://www.internaldisplacement.28 | The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>
org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpDocuments%29/E3D71A2DA85C9054C12578090044FDFA/$file/Ethiopia+Humanitarian+Requirement+Document+2010.pdf; TheProductive Safety Net Program provides annual food or cash transfersfor over 7 milli<strong>on</strong> people; for more details, see: http://www.scribd.com/doc/94386997/Hoddinott-PSNP-Impact-Report-Jan-201237. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Understanding Land Investment Deals inAfrica. Country Report: Ethiopia,” 2011, p.10.38. Human Rights Watch, “Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine inEthiopia,” September 1991, p.155-157, 159-94, 359-362, 365.39. Human Rights Watch, “Development without Freedom: How AidUnderwrites Repressi<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia,” October 2010, p.34-55.40. For a brief expositi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2007-08 spike in food prices, see:Frederic Mousseau and John Mort<strong>on</strong>, “REGLAP Discussi<strong>on</strong> Paper:Addressing Chr<strong>on</strong>ic Food Insecurity in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn of Africa: GoodPractice Identified but Commitment Needed?” Regi<strong>on</strong>al Learning& Advocacy Programme for Vulnerable Dryland Communities,December 2010, p.1-3, 7; Frederic Mousseau, “The High Food PriceChallenge: A Review of Resp<strong>on</strong>ses to Combat Hunger,” <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 2010, p.5-6.41. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Understanding Land Investment Deals inAfrica. Country Report: Ethiopia,” 2011, p.35-41.42. See: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Omo: Local Tribes Under Threat. A FieldReport From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo Valley, Ethiopia,” January 2013; Human RightsWatch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacement and ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ inEthiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” p.25-37;43. US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rightsand Labor, “Country Reports <strong>on</strong> Human Rights Practices for 2012:Ethiopia,” p.1-2.44. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Half a Milli<strong>on</strong> Lives Threatened <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> LandDevelopment for Sugar Plantati<strong>on</strong>s in Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley,”September 2011, p.3; Human Rights Watch, “What Will Happen ifHunger Comes? Abuses against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indigenous Peoples of Ethiopia’sLower Omo Valley,” June 2012, p.45-58.45. Human Rights Watch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacementand ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” January 2012,p.35.46. Ibid, p.38.47. See: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Omo: Local Tribes Under Threat. A FieldReport From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo Valley, Ethiopia,” January 2013.48. Committee <strong>on</strong> Ec<strong>on</strong>omic, Social and Cultural Rights, eighthsessi<strong>on</strong>, “C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s submitted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> State parties underarticles 16 and 17 of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Covenant. C<strong>on</strong>cluding observati<strong>on</strong>s of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Committee <strong>on</strong> Ec<strong>on</strong>omic, Social and Cultural Rights,” April 30-May18, 2012, p.5.49. Tobias Hagmann, “Supporting Stability, Abetting Repressi<strong>on</strong>,”New York Times, July 11, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/opini<strong>on</strong>/abetting-repressi<strong>on</strong>-in-ethiopia.html?_r=0, accessed March28, 2013.50. Human Rights Watch, “Development without Freedom: How AidUnderwrites Repressi<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia,” October 2010, p.13-17.51. A letter <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopian government’s Ministry of ForeignAffairs denies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first-hand accounts of state violence <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> suggesting:“informants deployed appear politically and ideologically driven.”Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>campaigns to perpetuate people’s poverty,” A Week in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn,March 9, 2012.52. Center for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Human Rights at Northwestern UniversitySchool of Law, “Sounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn: Ethiopia’s Civil Society LawThreatens Human Rights Defenders,” November 2009, p.5.53. Center for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Human Rights at Northwestern UniversitySchool of Law, “Sounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn: Ethiopia’s Civil Society LawThreatens Human Rights Defenders,” November 2009, p.5.54. Ibid.55. Tinishu Solom<strong>on</strong>, “Ethiopia bans NGOs,” <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Africa Report,February 18, 2013. http://www.<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>africa<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.com/East-Horn-Africa/ethiopia-bans-ngos.html, accessed March 28, 2013.56. Center for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Human Rights at Northwestern UniversitySchool of Law, “Sounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Horn: Ethiopia’s Civil Society LawThreatens Human Rights Defenders,” November 2009, p.7.57. Amnesty Internati<strong>on</strong>al press release, “Ethiopia: New Anti-Terrorism Proclamati<strong>on</strong> jeopardizes freedom of expressi<strong>on</strong>,” July 7,2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/ethiopianew-anti-terrorism-proclamati<strong>on</strong>-jeopardizes-freedom-expressi<strong>on</strong>,accessed March 28, 2013.58. PEN America: Free Expressi<strong>on</strong>. Literature. “Eskinder Nega,Ethiopia,” http://www.pen.org/defending-writers/eskinder-nega,accessed March 24, 2013.59. J. David Goodman, “Impris<strong>on</strong>ed Ethiopian Journalist isH<strong>on</strong>ored with PEN Award,” May 2, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/03/world/africa/eskinder-nega-ethiopian-journalisth<strong>on</strong>ored-<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g>-pen.html,accessed March 28, 2013.60. Report to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g> from South Omo Z<strong>on</strong>e, Ethiopia,October 26, 2011.61. Nickolas Johns<strong>on</strong>, “Your Land is My Land: Relocating 1.5 Milli<strong>on</strong>in Ethiopia,” Care2, March 1, 2012.62. Human Rights Watch, “Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Faminein Ethiopia,” September 1991.63. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, “Growth andTransformati<strong>on</strong> Plan,” November 2010, p.45.64. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “FAQs <strong>on</strong> Indian Agriculture Investments inEthiopia,” February 2013.65. USAID, “Climate Change and C<strong>on</strong>flict in Pastoral Regi<strong>on</strong>sof Ethiopia: Mounting Challenges, Emerging Resp<strong>on</strong>ses,” CMMDiscussi<strong>on</strong> Paper No. 4, October 2011, p.2.66. Ibid.67. Ibid, p.18.68. “Growth and Transformati<strong>on</strong> Plan,” Ministry of Finance andDevelopment: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, November2010, p.46-47.69. Citing <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sultant Finnmap, in Anna Danaiya Usher,“Wary of Ethiopian Villagisati<strong>on</strong>,” Development Today, no 8, 2012,p.5.70. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Omo: Local Tribes Under Theat. A FieldReport From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo Valley, Ethiopia,” January 2013, p.5-9.71. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, andLabor “Ethiopia: Country Reports <strong>on</strong> Human Rights Practices for2011,” p.13-24; Human Rights Watch, “Waiting Here for Death:Displacement and ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,”January 2012, p.65.72. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Omo: Local Tribes Under Threat: A FieldReport From <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Omo Valley, Ethiopia,” February 2012, p.11-12.73. $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> average amount of Overseas DevelopmentAssistance from 2007 to 2011 according to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Organizati<strong>on</strong> forEc<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Development website, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> budget of Ethiopia wasestimated to be at $5.6 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2011 and $7 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2012, seeCIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>world-factbook/geos/et.html,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Africa Report, http://www.<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>africa<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.com/East-Horn-Africa/ethiopia-proposes-7-billi<strong>on</strong>budget.html,both accessed March 28, 2013.74. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>s of politically motivated aid distributi<strong>on</strong>s see:Human Rights Watch, “Development Without Freedom: How AidUnderwrites Repressi<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia,” October 2010, p.45-50.75. See: Foreignassistance.gov, Ethiopiadatabase:http://www.foreignassistance.gov/OU.aspx?OUID=171&FY=2010&AgencyID=0&budTab=tab_Bud_Planned&tabID=tab_sct_Ec<strong>on</strong>omic_Planned#ObjAnchor, accessedMarch 28, 2013; USAID Ethiopia.76. Foreign assistance.gov, Ethiopiadatabase.http://www.foreignassistance.gov/OU.aspx?OUID=171&FY=2010&AgencyID=0&budTab=tab_Bud_Planned&tabID=tab_sct_Ec<strong>on</strong>omic_Planned#ObjAnchor, accessedMarch 28, 2013.Development Aid To Ethiopia | 29
77. Human Rights Watch, “Waiting Here for Death: Displacementand ‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ in Ethiopia’s Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>,” January 2012.78. Organizati<strong>on</strong> for Ec<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Developmentwebsite, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013.79. World Bank Group, Human Development: Africa. “Q&A:Ethiopia’s Promoting Basic Services (PBS) III Program,” October2012.80. Department for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development website, “Wheredoes UK Expenditure <strong>on</strong> Internati<strong>on</strong>al Development go?” https://www.dfid.gov.uk/About-us/How-we-measure-progress/Aid-Statistics/Statistics-<strong>on</strong>-Internati<strong>on</strong>al-Development-2012/SID-2012-Secti<strong>on</strong>-4-Where-does-UK-Expenditure-<strong>on</strong>-Internati<strong>on</strong>al-Development-go,accessed March 28, 2013.81. 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The WBG’s Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel is resp<strong>on</strong>sible for evaluating<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> maintenance of WBG policy safeguards, not <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire program.101. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Bank for Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and Development,The Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel, “Notice of Registrati<strong>on</strong>, Ethiopia: Protecti<strong>on</strong> ofBasic Services Phase II Project Additi<strong>on</strong>al Financing (p121727) andPromoting Basic Services Phase III Project (p128891),” October 9,2012.102. 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122. Peter Bosshard, “World Bank to Fund Gibe III DamThrough <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Backdoor?” Internati<strong>on</strong>al River, May 22, 2012. http://www.internati<strong>on</strong>alrivers.org/blogs/227/world-bank-to-fund-gibe-iiidam-through-<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-backdoor,accessed March 28, 2013.123. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rivers, “Ethiopia’s Dam Boom,” http://www.internati<strong>on</strong>alrivers.org/campaigns/ethiopia-s-dam-boom, accessedMarch 28, 2013.124. Carey L. Bir<strong>on</strong>, “World Bank Approves C<strong>on</strong>tentiousEthiopia-Kenya Electric Line,” Inter Press Service. http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/07/world-bank-approves-c<strong>on</strong>tentious-ethiopiakenya-electric-line,accessed March 28, 2013.125. Peter Bosshard, “World Bank to Fund Gibe III DamThrough <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Backdoor?” Internati<strong>on</strong>al Rivers, May 22, 2012, http://www.internati<strong>on</strong>alrivers.org/blogs/227/world-bank-to-fund-gibe-iiidam-through-<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>-backdoor,accessed June 18, 2013.126. Ibid.127. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>, “Understanding Land Investment Dealsin Africa, Half a Milli<strong>on</strong> Lives Threatened <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Land Development forSugar Plantati<strong>on</strong>s in Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley,” September 2011.128. Leigh Day, “UK Aid to Ethiopia Probed in Legal Acti<strong>on</strong>over Alleged Human Rights Abuses,” September 6, 2012. http://www.leighday.co.uk/News/2012/September-2012/UK-Aid-to-Ethiopia-Probed-in-Legal-Acti<strong>on</strong>-Over-Hum, accessed March 28, 2013.129. DfID, USAID, UN, and Irish Aid, “Multi-agency‘Villagisati<strong>on</strong>’ missi<strong>on</strong> to Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>al State, Ethiopia,” June3-8, 2012, p.4.130. Ibid, p.9.131. Ibid, p.10.132. Joint DFID / USAID field visit: South Omo, January 2012.133. Joint DFID / USAID field visit: South Omo, January2012. See <str<strong>on</strong>g>also</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transcripts acquired <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Oakland</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Institute</str<strong>on</strong>g>of January 2012 USAID-DFID investigati<strong>on</strong> in Ethiopia. http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/ethiopia-aid-transcripts-USAID-Dfidinterviews,accessed July 9, 2013.134. Anna Danaiya Usher, “Wary of Ethiopian Villagisati<strong>on</strong>,”Development Today, no. 8, 2012, p.5.135. Citing <str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sultant Finnmap, in Anna DanaiyaUsher, “Wary of Ethiopian Villagisati<strong>on</strong>,” Development Today, no 8,2012, p.5.136. Ibid.137. UK Parliament Website, November 5, 2012, http://www.publicati<strong>on</strong>s.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121105/text/121105w0003.htm, (accessed May 2013).138. Dana Clark, “Resettlement: The World Bank’s Assault <strong>on</strong><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Poor,” Center for Internati<strong>on</strong>al Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Law, May 2000.http://www.ciel.org/Publicati<strong>on</strong>s/ResettlementBrief2.pdf, accessedMarch 28, 2013.139. David Pred, Anuradha Mittal, Natalie Bridgeman Fields,and Chad Dobs<strong>on</strong>, letter to Ian Solom<strong>on</strong> Re: C<strong>on</strong>cerns aboutEthiopia’s Promoti<strong>on</strong> of Basic Services Project and serious humanrights abuses, March 13, 2013.140. Internati<strong>on</strong>al Bank for Rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> and Development,The Inspecti<strong>on</strong> Panel, “Notice of Registrati<strong>on</strong>, Ethiopia: Protecti<strong>on</strong>of Basic Services Phase II Project Additi<strong>on</strong>al Financing (p121727)and Promoting Basic Services Phase III Project (p128891), October9, 2012.141. USAID, “Climate Change and C<strong>on</strong>flict in PastoralRegi<strong>on</strong>s of Ethiopia: Mounting Challenges, Emerging Resp<strong>on</strong>ses,”October 2011, p.25; Ca<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rine Robins and JaRco C<strong>on</strong>sulting, “FinalEvaluati<strong>on</strong>: Ethiopia Development Assistance C<strong>on</strong>sortium (EDAC).USAID/FFP Title II DAP/MYAP/PAP assistance in support of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Productive Safety Net Program: 2005-2011,” Catholic Relief Services/USCCB, April 12, 2011, p.14.142. USAID, “Climate Change and C<strong>on</strong>flict in Pastoral Regi<strong>on</strong>sof Ethiopia: Mounting Challenges, Emerging Resp<strong>on</strong>ses,” October2011, p.25.143. USAID, DfID, UN and Irish Aid; “Multi-Agency‘Villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ Missi<strong>on</strong> to Gambella Regi<strong>on</strong>al State, Ethiopia Report,”June 2012.144. USAID, “Climate Change and C<strong>on</strong>flict in Pastoral Regi<strong>on</strong>sof Ethiopia: Mounting Challenges, Emerging Resp<strong>on</strong>ses,” October2011, p.3.145. Marina Walker Guevara, “Allegiance Rewarded:Ethiopia reaps U.S. aid <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> enlisting in war <strong>on</strong> terror and hiringinfluential lob<str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g>ists,” May 22, 2007. http://www.publicintegrity.org/2007/05/22/5746/allegiance-rewarded, accessed March 28, 2013.146. Ibid.147. William Lloyd George, “World Bank told to investigatelinks to Ethiopia’s ‘villagizati<strong>on</strong>’ project: Bank’s accountability panelsays complaints <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ethiopians of forced evicti<strong>on</strong>s in Gambella shouldbe looked into,” Guardian UK, March 19, 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/mar/19/world-bank-ethiopiavillagisati<strong>on</strong>-project?CMP=twt_fd,accessed March 28, 2013.148. USAID Ethiopia, “Country Development Cooperati<strong>on</strong>Strategy 2011-2015: Accelerating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Transformati<strong>on</strong> TowardProsperity,” March 2012, p.12.149. $3.5 billi<strong>on</strong> is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> average amount of Overseas DevelopmentAssistance from 2007 to 2011 according to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Organizati<strong>on</strong> forEc<strong>on</strong>omic Co-Operati<strong>on</strong> and Development website, http://stats.oecd.org, accessed March 28, 2013; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> budget of Ethiopia wasestimated to be at $5.6 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2011 and $7 billi<strong>on</strong> in 2012, seeCIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publicati<strong>on</strong>s/<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>world-factbook/geos/et.html,and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Africa Report, http://www.<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>africa<str<strong>on</strong>g>report</str<strong>on</strong>g>.com/East-Horn-Africa/ethiopia-proposes-7-billi<strong>on</strong>budget.html,both accessed March 28, 2013.150. USAID Ethiopia, “Country Development Cooperati<strong>on</strong>Strategy 2011-2015: Accelerating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Transformati<strong>on</strong> TowardProsperity,” March 2012, 10, 19-20, 23, p 66.151. Salem Solom<strong>on</strong>, “Susan Rice and Africa’s Despots,” NewYork Times, December 9, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/opini<strong>on</strong>/susan-rice-and-africas-despots.html?_r=0, accessed March28, 2013; Mark Tran, “Ethiopia’s renaissance under Meles Zenawitainted <str<strong>on</strong>g>by</str<strong>on</strong>g> authoritarianism,” Guardian UK, August 21, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/aug/21/ethiopia-renaissance-meles-zenawi, accessed March 28, 2013.152. Reuters in Addis Ababa, “Ethiopian human rightsprotesters take to streets in Addis Ababa,” Guardian UK, June 2, 2013.http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/02/ethiopian-rightsprotestors-addis-ababa,accessed June 25, 2013.Development Aid To Ethiopia | 31
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