LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

indexoral Palestinian duel, 7–8, 16–29performance of, 7, 25–7, 87–90, 96–7nnpre-Islamic, 210, 219Sudanese Arabic, 164–5Sudanese nationalist, 11–12, 164–5, 168–9, 170–2, 173–7Sufi, 164politicsand influence of literature, 91–3and nationalist poetry, 214–15in Sudanese poetry, 169–70, 173Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine,48postmodernism, 205–6print culture, Sudan, 165, 166‘prophetic poem-making’, 93, 94, 96proverbs, Arabic, 40, 41puns, 40Qaddafi, Colonel Muammar, 211qasida, pre-Islamic tradition of, 85, 95, 97nnQasim, ÆAbd al-Karim, President of Iraq, 216al-Qasim, Samih, 43, 104–5, 187‘Persona Non Grata’ (poem), 35–6al-Quds al-Arabi newspaper, 47n, 209Qur’an, inter-textual links to, 224–5, 227refugee nations, 6, 16; see also Lebanon;PalestiniansRejwan, Nissim, 186repetition, use of, 86, 97n, 219, 220, 227–8al-Rihani, Amin, 183ritual, 28, 209Robert, Shaaban, 162Rose, Jacqueline, States of Fantasy, 205al-Rusafi, MaÆruf, Iraqi poet, 212sacred space, concept of, 88–9Said, Edward, 31, 33, 85, 110, 191–2SaÆid, Jamil, 131Salih, Tawfiq, film director, 50The Betrayed, 52Salih, al-Tayyib, 184Salonica, 180al-Samaw’al, poet, 104, 108nal-Sayyid, Ahmad Lufti, 134, 138Scarry, Elaine on Nussbaum, 92–3Schami, Rafik, 187Schulman, Sarah, 193Schulze, Reinhard, 138Second World War, Sudan, 174Senegal, 162Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 162al-Shabbi, Abu al-Qasim, Tunisian poet, 220shahid (martyr), cult of, 38Shamir, Elik, 122Shamir, Moshe, He Walked in the Fields, 110–24, 125ncritical reaction to, 117–20interpretations of, 122–3and Zionist heroic ideals, 111–14, 115–16,119–20Shammas, Anton, 106Arabesques, 44, 186–7al-Sharqawi, Ahmed Rahman, Al-Ard (TheEarth), 138Shawqi, Ahmad, 162, 212al-Shaykh, Hanan, 184Shibab Nye, Naomi, 184Siddiq, Muhammad, on Men in the Sun, 53Smith, Charles, 139–40Soueif, Ahdaf, 182spirituality, mixed with nationalism (inNazik’s poetry), 221–6Spitzer, Leo, 193–4Spivak, Gayatri, 139Sudan, 170, 173, 174Anglo-Egyptian conquest, 164, 165–6anti-colonialism, 169–70Arabic culture in, 163–5, 174–5, 176–7biographical dictionaries, 175colonial rule in, 166–7, 168–9education, 167, 171, 174, 175–6, 177Gordon College, Khartoum, 167, 169Graduates General Congress, 172–3growth of nationalism, 170–3, 174–5Mahdist regime, 164, 165national(ist) poetry, 11–12, 164–5, 168–9,170–2, 173–7nature poetry, 172praise poetry, 172, 177nwritten poetry, 166, 167–8, 173–4Suleiman, Susan Rubin, 198Suney, President of Turkey, 180survivor memory, 190–1Sykes-Picot Agreement, 85Syria, 128, 132, 218Tagore, Rabindranath, 162al-Tahtawi, Rif’at Rafi’, 135al-Tal, Mustafa Wahbi, Jordanian poet, 212Tambal, Hamza al-Malik, 171, 172Tamir, Zakaria, 184Tanganyika, 162Thompson, William, The Land and the Book,35—263 —www.taq.ir